Figure 3
From: Interaction of the endocrine system with inflammation: a function of energy and volume regulation
Schematic representation of the consequences of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling alterations. Pro-inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) reduce signaling of insulin and IGF-1 and production of IGF-1 from liver (for example, [91]). This program affects liver, adipose tissue, and muscle, but not immune cells, because they cannot become insulin-resistant. The consequence is a deviation of energy-rich fuels from storage sites (liver, adipose tissue, and muscle) to the activated immune system and inflammatory tissue.