The sympathetic nervous response in inflammation

Table 1 Examples of direct sympathetic neurotransmitter immune cell interactions

Cell type	Source	Receptor/neurotransmitter concentration	Costimulus	Main effect	Reference
Macrophage	Bone marrow, mouse	NE 10⁻⁶ M	LPS	Decrease CCR2	[32]
		NE 10⁻⁸ M, 10⁻⁶ M	None	Decrease BMM proliferation
		NE 10⁻⁸ M	LPS	Increase maturation
		NE 10⁻⁸ M, 10⁻⁶ M	None	Increase phagocytosis
		NE 10⁻⁸ M, 10⁻⁶ M	LPS	Increase TNF
	Spleen, mouse	NE 10⁻⁸ M	LPS	Increase TNF	[29],[33]
	Spleen, mouse	NE 10⁻⁶ M	LPS	Decrease TNF	[29],[33]
	Peritoneum, mouse	Neuropeptide Y		Increase HMGB1	[34]
Dendritic cell	Bone marrow derived, mouse	β2-AR	NOD2 agonist	Increase IL6	[35]
Dendritic cell	Bone marrow derived, mouse		TLR2 agonist	Decrease IL-12	[35]
		β2-AR		Increase IL-33	[36]
		α2-AR		Increase in antigen uptake	[37]
	Human cord blood	NE 10⁻⁶ M	LPS	Decrease IL12p40, TNF, IL-6, IL-23	[38]
T cell	Spleen, mouse	β2-AR	None	Increase Treg apoptosis	[39]
		β2-AR	Anti-CD3	Decrease IL-2 in CD4 + CD62L+ cells	[40]
		β2-AR	None	Increase in Treg mediated cell suppression	[40]
	CIA, mouse	NE	ConA	Increase IFN-γ	[41]
	Splenic naïve T cells	β2-AR	Anti-CD3	Decrease IL-2	[42]
	Splenic naïve T cells	β2-AR	Anti-CD28	Decrease IL-2	[42]
		β2-AR	Anti-CD3	Increase IFN-γ per Th1 cell	[43]
			Anti-CD28
			IL-12
	T cell clone	Neuropeptide Y	None	Decrease IFN-γ	[44]
	T cell clone	Neuropeptide Y	None	Increase IL-4	[44]
B cell	CIA, mouse	β2-AR	Anti-CD40/IL-4	Increase IL-10	[45]
		β2-AR	Anti-CD40/IL-4	Inhibits IL-7 receptor signaling	[46]
	Naïve, splenic B cells	β2-AR	CD40L/IL-4	Increase IgG1, IgE	[47],[48]

AR, adrenoceptor; BMM, bone marrow-derived macrophages; CCR2, C-C chemokine receptor type 2; CIA, collagen-induced arthritis; ConA, Concanavalin A; HMGB1, high-mobility-group-protein B1; IFN, interferon; Ig, immunoglobulin; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NE, norepinephrine; NO2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2; Th1, T helper 1; TLR2, toll-like receptor 2; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; Treg, regulatory T cell.

ISSN: 1478-6362