| Discovery | Validation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic variables | SLE Active LN (n = 60) | SLE Active non-LN (n = 25) | Healthy controls (n = 24) | SLE Active LN (n = 33) | SLE Active non-LN (n = 16) | SLE Remission LN (n = 30) |
Age | ||||||
 Range (years) | 18–64 | 18–61 | 23–47 | 18–56 | 19–67 | 19–67 |
 Mean ± SD (median) | 35.5 ± 12.7 (32) | 30.0 ± 11.9 (26) | 32.8 ± 6.7 (31) | 28.5 ± 9.5 (27) | 36.8 ± 15.9 (36) | 40.0 ± 13.6 (40.5) |
Gender, n (%) female | 46 (82.1) | 22 (88) | 21 (87.5) | 28 (84.8) | 15 (93.8) | 28 (93.3) |
Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
 Caucasian | 29 (48.3) | 9 (36) | 14 (58.3) | 14 (42.4) | 6 (37.5) | 20 (66.7) |
 African Canadian | 14 (23.3) | 7 (28) | 1 (4.2) | 8 (24.2) | 2 (12.5) | 4 (13.3) |
 Asian | 9 (15) | 5 (20) | 3 (12.5) | 5 (11.6) | 2 (12.5) | 2 (6.7) |
 Othera | 8 (13.3) | 4 (16) | 6 (25) | 6 (18.2) | 6 (37.5) | 4 (13.3) |
Clinical featuresb, n (%) | ||||||
 Rash | 8 (14.3) | 12 (48) | N/A | 11 (33.3) | 3 (18.8) | 0 |
 Mucocutaneous | 9 (16.1) | 9 (36) | N/A | 0 | 2 (12.5) | 0 |
 Alopecia | 4 (7.1) | 7 (28) | N/A | 4 (12.1) | 5 (31.2) | 1 (3.3) |
 Arthritis | 13 (23.2) | 13 (52) | N/A | 3 (9.1) | 9 (56.2) | 0 |
 Serositis | 8 (14.3) | 4 (16) | N/A | 2 (6.1) | 1 (6.2) | 0 |
 Myositis | 1 (1.8) | 0 | N/A | 0 | 1 (6.2) | 0 |
 Hematological | 6 (10.7) | 6 (24) | N/A | 2 (6.1) | 3 (18.8) | 0 |
 Fever | 3 (5.4) | 1 (4) | N/A | 1 (3.0) | 2 (12.5) | 0 |
 Nephritis (≥1 or more SLEDAI-2 K criteria) | 59 (98.3)c | 0 | N/A | 33 (100) | 0 | 1 (3.3) |
 Vasculitis | 3 (5.4) | 7 (28) | N/A | 2 (6.1) | 3 (18.8) | 0 |
SLEDAI-2 K, mean ± SD (median) | 15.6 ± 7.4 (16) | 10.1 ± 4.7 (10) | N/A | 14.2 ± 5.6 (14) | 7.2 ± 2.7 (8) | 1.7 ± 1.9 (1) |
Creatinine, mean ± SD (median) | 118.0 ± 78.8 (87) | 64.5 ± 9.6 (62) | N/A | 91.8 ± 81.1 (69) | 69.2 ± 16.0 (70.5) | 81.8 ± 25.3 (75.5) |
Medicationsb | ||||||
 Prednisone (mg/day), mean ± SD (median) | 28.5 ± 20.8 (30) | 10.8 ± 30.4 (0) | N/A | 21.8 ± 18.8 (15) | 8.5 ± 13.2 (4) | 6.1 ± 6.9 (4) |
 Anti-malarials, n (%) | 31 (55.4) | 15 (60) | N/A | 21 (63.6) | 13 (81.2) | 24 (80) |
 Immunosuppressives, n (%) | 55 (91.7) | 5 (20) | N/A | 27 (81.8) | 10 (62.5) | 22 (73.3) |
  Azathioprine, n (%) | 9 (16.1) | 3 (12) | N/A | 11 (33.3) | 3 (18.8) | 9 (30) |
  Mycophenolate mofetil, n (%) | 15 (26.8) | 1 (4) | N/A | 9 (27.3) | 2 (12.5) | 10 (33.3) |
  Methotrexate, n (%) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (4) | N/A | 1 (3.0) | 5 (31.2) | 1 (3.3) |