Table 1 Baseline demographics and clinical features of gout patients

Age, years

42.0 (35.0–55.5)

45.5 (35.0–55.5)

47.0 (34.8–57.0)

BMI, kg/m²

26.8 (24.8–29.0)

27.2 (25.0–28.9)

27.4 (25.3–29.1)

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

135 ± 15.2

135 ± 15.5

140 ± 17.2

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

86.8 ± 10.9

87.9 ± 10.8

89.1 ± 11.2

Nephrolithiasis, n (%)

9 (10.5%)

6 (6.98%)

3 (3.66%)

Renal cyst

24 (27.9%)

23 (26.7%)

23 (28.0%)

Tophi, n (%)

8 (9.30%)

4 (4.65%)

3 (3.66%)

Smoking, n (%)

42 (48.8%)

31 (36.0%)

38 (46.3%)

Drinking, n (%)

51 (59.3%)

33 (38.4%)

41 (50.0%)

Blood laboratory parameters

 Serum urate, μmoI/L

538 ± 68.3

533 ± 59.3

524 ± 68.1

 Triglyceride, mmol/L

1.62 (1.16–2.81)

1.76 (1.27–2.42)

1.76 (1.21–2.56)

 Total Cholesterol, mmol/L

5.28 ± 0.98

5.07 ± 0.99

5.28 ± 1.03

 Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L

5.83 (5.61–6.30)

5.89 (5.53–6.39)

5.87 (5.57–6.18)

 HOMA-IR

3.01 (2.36–4.70)

4.19 (2.26–6.21)

3.48 (2.34–5.57)

 ALT, U/L

24.0 (18.0–38.0)

24.0 (18.0–40.0)

26.0 (19.0–37.3)

 AST, U/L

21.0 (18.0–24.3)

21.0 (18.0–27.0)

21.5 (18.0–25.0)

 Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L

4.95 (4.28–5.90)

4.75 (4.18–5.90)

5.00 (4.30–5.90)

 Serum creatinine, μmoI/L

81.5 (73.8–92.3)

84.0 (76.0–90.0)

84.0 (78.0–93.0)

 eGFR, mL/(min·1.73 m²)

94.6 ± 16.7

93.5 ± 16.1

91.5 ± 15.2

 Serum potassium, mmol/L

4.30 (4.10–4.53)

4.40 (4.10–4.50)

4.30 (4.20–4.50)

 Serum sodium, mmol/L

143 (142–144)

142 (142–144)

142 (141–143)

 Serum chlorine, mmol/L

102 (100–104)

102 (100–103)

103 (102–104)

 CRP, mg/L

3.30 (2.40–4.50)

3.60 (2.65–4.15)

3.50 (2.40–4.20)

Urine parameters

 pH

5.56 (5.32–5.77)

5.42 (5.25–5.88)

5.51 (5.34–5.72)

 Proteinuria, n (%)

8 (9.30%)

9 (10.5%)

5 (6.10%)

 Hemoglobinuria, n (%)

3 (3.49%)

4 (4.65%)

3 (3.66%)

 UACR, mg/g

3.01 (0.56–11.2)

3.29 (0.44–10.3)

7.42 (0.72–11.9)