Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of study population. Data shown as mean (standard deviation) unless indicated otherwise

N (%)

458,405

431,555 (94.1%)

451,144 (98.4%)

7223 (1.6%)

Men, N (%)

209,524 (45.7%)

195,068 (45.2%)

202,829 (45.0%)

6664 (92.3%)

Age (years)

56.77 (8.03)

56.71 (8.03)

56.71 (8.03)

60.00 (6.87)

Townsend deprivation index

−1.46 (2.99)

−1.46 (2.99)

−1.46 (2.99)

−1.17 (3.11)

Gout, N (%)

7223 (1.6%)

1924 (0.4%)

-

-

Urate-lowering therapy use, N (%)

5244 (1.1%)

-

-

5206 (72.1%)

Serum urate level (μmol/L)

309.08 (80.41)

308.76 (80.30)

308.06 (79.60)

372.61 (102.32)

Hyperuricaemia (≥410 μmol/L), N (%)

48,563 (11.1%)

47,641 (11.0%)

46,099 (10.7%)

2455 (35.7%)

Serum creatinine level (μmol/L)

72.24 (17.89)

72.03 (17.11)

71.97 (17.04)

88.79 (43.25)

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

90.52 (13.26)

90.62 (13.16)

90.64 (13.15)

83.37 (17.51)

Diuretics, N (%)

38,129 (8.3%)

35,379 (8.2%)

36,928 (8.2%)

1186 (16.4%)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

27.39 (4.77)

27.35 (4.74)

27.34 (4.75)

30.72 (4.96)

High cholesterol, N (%)

56,201 (12.3%)

51,918 (12.0%)

54,166 (12.0%)

2030 (28.1%)

Hypertension, N (%)

118,698 (25.9%)

110,047 (25.5%)

114,565 (25.4%)

4110 (56.9%)

Cardiac problem, N (%)

1466 (0.3%)

1364 (0.3%)

1411 (0.3%)

55 (0.8%)

Peripheral vascular disease, N (%)

865 (0.2%)

822 (0.2%)

855 (0.2%)

10 (0.1%)

Stroke, N (%)

6062 (1.3%)

5564 (1.3%)

5804 (1.3%)

252 (3.5%)

Diabetes, N (%)

17,995 (3.9%)

16,434 (3.8%)

17,139 (3.8%)

853 (11.8%)

Current smoker, N (%)

47,745 (10.5%)

45,030 (10.5%)

47,086 (10.5%)

654 (9.1%)

Previous smoker, N (%)

162,593 (35.6%)

152,406 (35.4%)

159,004 (35.4%)

3569 (49.6%)

Never smoked, N (%)

246,433 (54.0%)

232,590 (54.1%)

243,446 (54.2%)

2974 (41.3%)

Current alcohol drinker, N (%)

427,252 (93.3%)

402,182 (93.3%)

420,330 (93.3%)

6890 (95.5%)

Previous alcohol drinker, N (%)

15,944 (3.5%)

15,001 (3.5%)

15,712 (3.5%)

227 (3.1%)

Never alcohol drinker, N (%)

14,797 (3.2%)

13,981 (3.2%)

14,698 (3.3%)

98 (1.4%)

All alcohol intake (units per week)

19.44 (19.85)

19.28 (19.64)

19.18 (19.56)

34.54 (29.00)

Beer intake (units per week)

6.37 (13.11)

6.21 (12.82)

6.13 (12.70)

19.94 (24.24)

Spirits intake (units per week)

1.54 (4.87)

1.53 (4.80)

1.52 (4.79)

2.69 (8.01)

All wine intake (units per week)

11.53 (14.35)

11.54 (14.33)

11.52 (14.29)

11.96 (17.56)

Meat intake (servings per week)

5.53 (2.71)

5.52 (2.71)

5.52 (2.70)

6.54 (2.73)

Fish intake (servings per week)

2.23 (1.57)

2.27 (1.57)

2.27 (1.57)

2.35 (1.62)

Coffee intake (cups per week)

14.46 (14.72)

14.49 (14.72)

14.50 (14.74)

12.25 (13.02)

Tea intake (cups per week)

24.24 (20.28)

24.26 (20.28)

24.26 (20.28)

22.68 (20.30)

Fruit intake (pieces per week)

21.30 (17.50)

21.33 (17.54)

21.34 (17.51)

19.09 (16.77)

Vegetable intake (tablespoons per week)

33.96 (22.28)

33.96 (22.18)

33.96 (22.25)

34.03 (24.04)

Bread intake (slices per week)

12.44 (8.62)

12.42 (8.62)

12.41 (8.61)

14.57 (9.11)

Cereal intake (bowls per week)

4.58 (2.78)

4.58 (2.78)

4.59 (2.78)

3.90 (2.81)

Cheese intake (servings per week)

2.42 (1.76)

2.43 (1.77)

2.43 (1.77)

2.28 (1.69)