Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population according to UA trajectories

No. of participants

67,095

34,922

26,679

5,494

Age (y)

53.12 ± 11.59

53.02 ± 11.04

53.48 ± 12.03

51.94 ± 12.69

< 0.001

Male (%)

50,917 (75.89)

22,171 (63.49)

23,439 (87.86)

5307 (96.60)

< 0.001

Current alcohol consumption (%)

20,564 (30.65)

7712 (22.08)

10184(38.17)

2668(48.56)

< 0.001

Current smoking (%)

22,257 (33.17)

9126 (26.13)

10,520 (39.43)

2611 (47.52)

< 0.001

Physical activity (%)

7326 (10.92)

3608 (10.33)

3086 (11.57)

632 (11.50)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

25.02 ± 3.23

24.45 ± 3.14

25.46 ± 3.18

26.43 ± 3.25

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

129.88 ± 18.59

127.89 ± 18.60

131.66 ± 18.40

133.87 ± 17.94

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

83.51 ± 10.36

82.07 ± 10.17

84.70 ± 10.24

86.91 ± 10.60

< 0.001

FBG (mmol/L)

5.69 ± 1.55

5.63 ± 1.65

5.75 ± 1.45

5.76 ± 1.34

< 0.001

TG (mmol/L)

1.26 (0.90, 1.93)

1.14 (0.83, 1.64)

1.40 (0.96, 2.12)

1.81 (1.19, 2.86)

< 0.001

hs-CRP (mg/L)

1.10 (0.45, 2.13)

0.84 (0.22, 1.77)

1.30 (0.68, 2.43)

1.60 (0.85, 3.10)

< 0.001

UA at the first visit (umol/L)

283.40 ± 80.08

234.94 ± 53.40

319.33 ± 57.81

416.91 ± 70.28

< 0.001

UA at baseline (umol/L)

309.44 ± 88.97

255.81 ± 61.13

350.48 ± 64.42

451.10 ± 78.98

< 0.001

Average UA (umol/L)

292.47 ± 70.14

239.84 ± 33.54

331.52 ± 32.47

437.35 ± 42.52

< 0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

91.21 ± 19.86

89.42 ± 19.55

92.91 ± 19.81

94.33 ± 20.97

< 0.001

Hypertension (%)

28,183 (42.00)

12,558 (35.96)

12,523 (46.94)

3102 (56.46)

< 0.001

Diabetes (%)

7439 (11.09)

3805 (10.90)

3021 (11.32)

613 (11.16)

0.24

Use of antihypertensive drugs (%)

14,949 (22.28)

5893 (16.87)

7061(26.47)

1995 (36.31)

< 0.001

Use of hypoglycemic drugs (%)

3991 (5.95)

2239 (6.41)

1496 (5.61)

256 (4.66)

0.001

Use of lipid-lowering drugs (%)

1481 (2.21)

564 (1.62)

717 (2.69)

200 (3.64)

< 0.001