Table 1 Baseline Characteristics across OA Strata of Participants in NHANES 2013–2020

Age, years

47.79 (47.29 ,48.29)

63.08 (61.64 ,64.53)

< 0.001

Gender, %

< 0.001

 Male

48.48 (47.74 ,49.22)

25.08 (19.36 ,31.82)

 Female

51.52 (50.78 ,52.26)

74.92 (68.18 ,80.64)

NHANES cycles, %

0.919

 2013–2014

24.28 (22.24 ,26.45)

25.55 (18.61 ,34.00)

 2015–2016

24.91 (22.76 ,27.18)

22.82 (16.53 ,30.64)

 2017–2018

25.32 (23.71 ,27.01)

25.09 (18.96 ,32.41)

 2019–2020

25.49 (23.66 ,27.40)

26.54 (20.46 ,33.65)

Race, %

< 0.001

 Mexican American

8.86 (7.30 ,10.71)

3.59 (1.97 ,6.46)

 Non-Hispanic White

63.39 (60.24 ,66.42)

76.27 (70.28 ,81.37)

 Non-Hispanic Black

11.50 (9.89 ,13.35)

6.80 (4.77 ,9.61)

 Other Hispanic

6.72 (5.80 ,7.77)

4.01 (2.59 ,6.15)

 Other Race

9.54 (8.47 ,10.72)

9.34 (6.58 ,13.08)

Educational level, %

0.658

 < High school

13.04 (11.86 ,14.31)

13.87 (10.47 ,18.16)

 High school

24.15 (22.87 ,25.48)

26.34 (19.53 ,34.50)

 Some college or more

62.81 (60.79 ,64.80)

59.79 (52.55 ,66.62)

Family income, %

0.593

 Low

22.00 (20.47 ,23.61)

22.92 (17.56 ,29.34)

 Medium

35.07 (33.64 ,36.53)

31.56 (25.30 ,38.57)

 High

42.93 (40.65 ,45.24)

45.52 (38.25 ,52.98)

Heavy drinker, %

0.573

 No

71.33 (69.93 ,72.69)

72.10 (66.09 ,77.41)

 Yes

13.03 (12.25 ,13.85)

14.61 (10.18 ,20.52)

 Missing

15.65 (14.51 ,16.85)

13.29 (8.94 ,19.32)

Smoker, %

0.048

 No

81.81 (80.70 ,82.87)

86.68 (81.94 ,90.33)

 Yes

18.19 (17.13 ,19.30)

13.32 (9.67 ,18.06)

BMI, kg/m2

29.52 (29.31 ,29.74)

31.71 (30.61 ,32.81)

< 0.001

Uric acid, umol/l

319.96 (318.43 ,321.48)

310.29 (297.93 ,322.66)

0.135

HDL-C, mmol/l

1.40 (1.38 ,1.41)

1.50 (1.44 ,1.56)

0.002

TC, mmol/l

4.90 (4.87 ,4.93)

4.99 (4.84 ,5.15)

0.238

TG, mmol/l

1.66 (1.62 ,1.69)

1.75 (1.61 ,1.89)

0.225

BUN, mmol/l

5.15 (5.09 ,5.21)

6.15 (5.88 ,6.41)

< 0.001

ALT, u/l

23.95 (23.61 ,24.29)

24.13 (21.80 ,26.45)

0.884

AST, u/l

23.68 (23.43 ,23.94)

22.52 (21.56 ,23.48)

0.021

glycohemoglobin, %

5.66 (5.64 ,5.68)

5.74 (5.64 ,5.85)

0.122

eGFR, mL/min per

1.73m²

94.61 (93.90 ,95.32)

80.69 (78.35 ,83.03)

< 0.001

Cancer, %

0.027

 No

88.96 (88.36 ,89.53)

83.56 (76.95 ,88.55)

 Yes

11.04 (10.47 ,11.64)

16.44 (11.45 ,23.05)

ASCVD, %

< 0.001

 No

91.78 (91.15 ,92.36)

77.29 (71.05 ,82.51)

 Yes

8.22 (7.64 ,8.85)

22.71 (17.49 ,28.95)

DM, %

< 0.001

 No

86.08 (85.41 ,86.73)

76.79 (69.53 ,82.74)

 Yes

13.92 (13.27 ,14.59)

23.21 (17.26 ,30.47)

Osteoporosis, %

< 0.001

 No

29.90 (28.16 ,31.69)

53.28 (46.23 ,60.20)

 Yes

2.38 (2.10 ,2.70)

5.24 (2.83 ,9.48)

 Missing

67.72 (65.75 ,69.63)

41.49 (34.29 ,49.07)

Stroke, %

< 0.001

 No

97.00 (96.72 ,97.25)

87.38 (83.16 ,90.66)

 Yes

3.00 (2.75 ,3.28)

12.62 (9.34 ,16.84)

Heart attack, %

0.260

 No

96.49 (96.06 ,96.87)

95.34 (92.49 ,97.14)

 Yes

3.51 (3.13 ,3.94)

4.66 (2.86 ,7.51)

CHF, %

< 0.001

 No

97.58 (97.32 ,97.81)

93.46 (89.65 ,95.94)

 Yes

2.42 (2.19 ,2.68)

6.54 (4.06 ,10.35)

Walk or bicycle, %

< 0.001

 No

78.85 (77.66 ,79.99)

89.59 (84.27 ,93.25)

 Yes

21.15 (20.01 ,22.34)

10.41 (6.75 ,15.73)

Work activity, %

0.026

 No

51.40 (50.05 ,52.75)

63.68 (53.76 ,72.55)

 Moderate

24.40 (23.35 ,25.48)

19.30 (13.71 ,26.47)

 Both

20.19 (19.13 ,21.29)

13.55 (8.62 ,20.67)

 Vigorous

4.02 (3.56 ,4.53)

3.47 (1.70 ,6.95)

Recreational activity, %

0.002

 No

45.73 (44.05 ,47.41)

58.20 (49.49 ,66.43)

 Moderate

26.52 (25.45 ,27.61)

28.16 (20.83 ,36.86)

 Both

19.78 (18.57 ,21.05)

11.53 (6.61 ,19.35)

 Vigorous

7.97 (7.38 ,8.62)

2.12 (0.75 ,5.82)

Antiplatelet agents, %

< 0.001

 No

97.60 (97.29 ,97.87)

93.90 (90.36 ,96.19)

 Yes

2.40 (2.13 ,2.71)

6.10 (3.81 ,9.64)

Statins, %

< 0.001

 No

82.16 (81.17 ,83.10)

51.27 (43.79 ,58.70)

 Yes

17.84 (16.90 ,18.83)

48.73 (41.30 ,56.21)

Antihypertensive agents, %

< 0.001

 No

95.25 (94.78 ,95.67)

88.00 (82.31 ,92.04)

 Yes

4.75 (4.33 ,5.22)

12.00 (7.96 ,17.69)

Hypertension, %

< 0.001

 No

62.70 (61.35 ,64.04)

33.02 (27.60 ,38.93)

 Yes

37.30 (35.96 ,38.65)

66.98 (61.07 ,72.40)