Risk factors | Controls | Patients | P |
---|---|---|---|
Traditional risk factors | Â | Â | Â |
Age (years) | 44 (20–87) | 57 (27–81) | <0.0001 |
Women (n [%]) | 64 (80) | 64 (86) | 0.3 |
Caucasian:asian (n:n) | 87: 6 | 71: 9 | 0.3 |
Smokers (n [%]) | 25 (31) | 17 (23) | 0.3 |
Smoking (cigarettes/day) | 0 (0–50) | 0 (0–40) | 0.5 |
Alcohol users (n [%]) | 37 (47) | 26 (35) | 0.2 |
Alcohol (units/week) | 0 (0–40) | 0 (0–35) | 0.4 |
Exercisers (n [%]) | 43 (54) | 19 (26) | 0.0004 |
Exercise (hours/week) | 1 (0–20) | 0 (0–7) | 0.0002 |
Diabetes (n [%]) | 0 (0) | 5 (7) | 0.02 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.3 (17.9–33.8) | 23.7 (17.9–38.3) | 1.0 |
Waist (cm) | 81 (60–109) | 85 (66–120) | 0.01 |
SBP (mmHg) | 115 (83–150) | 123 (98–164) | <0.0001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 71 (47–100) | 82 (67–109) | <0.0001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.3 (2.1–7.9) | 5.1 (3.5–7.5) | 0.4 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.5 (0.4–2.3) | 1.6 (0.8–2.6) | 0.4 |
Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.0 (0.5–4.7) | 1.2 (0.5–2.6) | 0.04 |
Nontraditional risk factors | Â | Â | Â |
hs-CRP (mg/l) | 1.6 (0.3–8.9) | 10.8 (0.3–256) | <0.0001 |
IL-1 (pg/ml) | 0.7 (0–42.7) | 3.5 (0.1–323) | <0.0001 |
IL-6 (pg/ml) | 0.8 (0.1–8.2) | 5.4 (0.5–186.3) | <0.0001 |
TNF-α (pg/ml) | 0.2 (0.2–32.6) | 3.0 (0.3–93.2) | <0.0001 |
Cytokine suppressant therapy | Â | Â | Â |
DMARD use (n [%]) | 0 (0) | 56 (76) | <0.0001 |
Prednisone use (n [%]) | 0 (0) | 11 (15) | 0.0003 |