Cells of the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis. Macrophages

Kinne, Raimund W; Stuhlmüller, Bruno; Burmester, Gerd-R

doi:10.1186/ar2333

Arthritis Research & Therapy

Table 4 Overview of pro-inflammatory interleukins relevant to macrophage (dys)function in rheumatoid arthritis

From: Cells of the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis. Macrophages

Family	Cytokine	Pro-inflammatory	Dual	Autocrine	Main pathogenetic features
IL-1	IL-1	X	-	X	Predominantly produced by Mφ
					Critical mediator of tissue damage
					Possesses autocrine features [43,51-53]
	IL-18	X	-	X	Predominantly produced by Mφ
					Critical pleiotropic mediator of disease
					Possesses autocrine features [59-61]
	IL-33	X	X	-	Produced by endothelial cells
					Important Th₂-inducing component in allergy/autoimmunity
					Signals via IL-1 receptor-related protein (ST2)
					Nuclear factor with transcriptional repressor properties (≈ nuclear factor from high endothelial venules) [111-113]
IL-18 inducible	IL-32	X	-	-	Pro-inflammatory effects on both myeloid and non-myeloid cells [114,115]
IL-2	IL-7	X	-	-	Elevated in RA, although a relative paucity is also possible [116,117]
					Induces osteoclastic bone loss in mice [118]
	IL-15	X	-	X	Produced by Mφ
					Important autocrine mediator of disease processes [21,56-58]
	IL-21	X	-	-	Only IL-21R is expressed by synovial Mφ and fibroblasts [119]
IL-6	IL-6	X	X	-	Predominantly produced by fibroblasts under the influence of Mφ
					Most strikingly elevated cytokine in acute RA, with phase-dependent differential effects [17,75,76] (reviewed in [2,77])
	IL-31	X	-	-	Induces experimental dermatitis [120]
	LIF	X	-	-	Stimulates proteoglycan resorption in cartilage [121]
	Oncostatin M	X	-	-	Recruits leukocytes to inflammatory sites and stimulates production of metalloprotease (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of MMP [121]
IFN type I/IL-10	IL-19	X	-	X	Involved in both Th₁ and Th₂ inflammatory disorders [122,123]
					Possesses autocrine features [124,125]
	IL-20	X	-	X	Overexpressed in psoriasis
					Possesses autocrine features [122]
	IL-22	X	-	-	Relevant to innate immunity and acute-phase response [126]
	IL-24	X	-	-	Possible antagonism with regulatory IL-10 [127]
	IL-26	X	-	-	Polymorphism possibly contributes to RA sex-bias susceptibility [128]
	IL-28, IL-29	X	-	X	Involved in microbial recognition by upregulation of Toll-like receptors
					Possesses autocrine features [30,129,130]
IL-12	IL-12	X	-	-	Predominantly produced by synovial Mφ and dendritic cells
					Promotes Th₁ responses (reviewed in [62])
	IL-23	X	-	-	Predominantly produced by synovial Mφ and dendritic cells
					Shares p40 subunit with IL-12 and possibly antagonizes IL-12 [63] (reviewed in [62])
	IL-27	X	X	X	Produced by Mφ and its neutralization has anti-arthritic effects
					Possesses autocrine features [66]
					Pro-inflammatory role [67]
IL-17	IL-17	X	-	-	Th₀-Th₁ lymphokine with pleiotropic, amplifying effects on Mφ arthritis (reviewed in [24,25])

IFN, interferon; LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor; Mφ, macrophages; RA, rheumatoid arthritis. Reproduced with permission from Kinne RW, Stuhlmuller B, Palombo-Kinne E, Burmester GR: The role of macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. In Rheumatoid Arthritis. Edited by Firestein GS, Panayi GS, Wollheim FA. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006:55–75 [2].

Back to article page

ISSN: 1478-6362

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com