Biology and therapy of fibromyalgia. Evidence-based biomarkers for fibromyalgia syndrome

Table 5 Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) in fibromyalgia (FM)

Reference	Year of study	Number of FM patients	Number of control individuals	Test stimuli (noxious stimuli)	Heterotopic conditioning noxious stimuli	Findings
Julien and colleagues [32]	2005	30	30 HC, 30 CLBP	Water bath, cold, noxious	Water bath, cold, noxious	Diminished DNIC in FM patients, not CLBP
Staud and colleagues [33]	2003	11	22 females, 11 males	Wind up	Water bath, heat, noxious	Diminished DNIC in female HC and female FM patients
Kosek and Hansson [30]	1997	10	10	CT, WT, HPT, CPT	Tourniquet	Diminished DNIC in FM patients
Lautenbacher and Rollman [34]	1997	25	26	Electrical pain threshold Electrical detection	Thermode tonic cold thermal, noxious and non-noxious	Diminished DNIC in FM patients No difference

CLBP, chronic low back pain; CT, cold perception threshold; CPT, cold pain threshold; HC, healthy control individuals; HPT, heat pain threshold; WT, warmth perception threshold.

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