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Figure 2 | Arthritis Research & Therapy

Figure 2

From: Altered lipoprotein metabolism in chronic inflammatory states: proinflammatory high-density lipoprotein and accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis

Figure 2

Comparison of normal protective anti-inflammatory high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) (a) to proinflammatory HDLs (b). Normal HDLs are rich in apolipoproteins (yellow ovals) and antioxidant enzymes (white squares). After exposure to pro-oxidants, oxidized lipids, and proteases, proinflammatory HDLs have less lipoprotein and some, such as the major transporter apolipoprotein A-1 (A-1 in the figure), are disabled by the addition of chlorine, nitrogen, and oxygen to protein moieties: A-1 can no longer stabilize paraoxonase-1 (PON1) so PON1 cannot exert its antioxidant enzyme activity. In addition, pro-oxidant acute-phase proteins are added to the particle (serum amyloid A [SAA] and ceruloplasmin) as are oxidized lipids. The figure is based on information in [2] and [41]. apoJ, apolipoprotein J; CE, cholesterol ester; CE-OOH, cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxide; GSH, glutathione; HPETE, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; HPODE, hydroperoxy-octadecadienoic acid; LCAT, lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; PAF-AH, platelet-activating acyl hydrolase.

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Arthritis Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1478-6362

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