Reduced rates of primary joint replacement for osteoarthritis in Italian and Greek migrants to Australia: the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study

Table 2 Risk factors for primary joint (hip and knee) replacement for osteoarthritis

	Primary joint replacement		Primary hip replacement		Primary knee replacement
	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value
Country of birth
Australia	1.00 (reference)	-	1.00 (reference)	-	1.00 (reference)	-
UK	0.90 (0.71–1.15)	0.40	0.81 (0.57–1.17)	0.26	0.99 (0.72–1.36)	0.95
Italy	0.39 (0.31–0.49)	< 0.001	0.45 (0.31–0.63)	< 0.001	0.35 (0.25–0.48)	< 0.001
Greece	0.24 (0.17–0.33)	< 0.001	0.22 (0.13–0.38)	< 0.001	0.25 (0.17–0.38)	< 0.001
Italy/Greece combined	0.32 (0.26–0.39)	< 0.001	0.35 (0.26–0.47)	< 0.001	0.31 (0.24–0.40)	< 0.001
Age per 1 year	1.08 (1.07–1.09)	< 0.001	1.07 (1.06–1.09)	< 0.001	1.08 (1.07–1.10)	< 0.001
Body mass index per 1 kg/m²	1.10 (1.09–1.11)	< 0.001	1.05 (1.03–1.07)	< 0.001	1.13 (1.12–1.15)	< 0.001
Gender (female vs. male)	1.08 (0.95–1.23)	0.25	1.06 (0.88–1.28)	0.55	1.08 (0.90–1.29)	0.42
Education
Primary and some secondary	1.00 (reference)	-	1.00 (reference)	-	1.00 (reference)	-
Completed secondary and degree/diploma	1.15 (1.01–1.32)	0.04	1.37 (1.13–1.66)	0.001	0.98 (0.81–1.18)	0.81

Values are mutually adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, country of birth, and education level. CI, confidence interval.

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