Table 1 Knee joint histology, tibial cartilage material property, and trabecular bone osteoarthritis outcomes

Knee modified Mankin score

18.2 ± 1.5

15.8 ± 2.5

25.1 ± 1.5*

0.17

0.003

Cartilage degeneration

4.4 ± 0.7

5.1 ± 0.9

6.7 ± 0.9

0.11

0.47

Safranin-O loss

7.7 ± 1.0

3.8 ± 0.3*

11.7 ± 0.8*^#

0.66

<0.001

Tidemark duplication

0.22 ± 0.11

0.16 ± 0.10

0.13 ± 0.13

0.60

0.29

Chondrocyte cloning

0.67 ± 0.22

0.42 ± 0.16

1.1 ± 0.3

0.70

0.14

Hypertrophic chondrocytes

1.8 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.7

2.1 ± 0.4

0.88

0.18

Fibrocartilage

0.04 ± 0.04

0.33 ± 0.33

0 ± 0

0.48

0.34

Relative subchondral bone thickness

3.4 ± 0.3

4.7 ± 0.5

3.5 ± 0.7

0.26

0.31

Aggregate modulus (H_A)

1.49 ± 0.18

2.18 ± 0.03

1.74 ± 0.20

0.003

0.10

Permeability (× 10^-16, m⁴/N-s)

2.38 ± 0.67

1.90 ± 0.32

1.80 ± 0.60

0.48

0.77

Relative tibial epiphysis trabecular bone volume

0.43 ± 0.02

0.51 ± 0.07

0.40 ± 0.03

0.56

0.72