| Â | Bone markers |
|---|
Groups | RANKL | BMP2 | TGF-β3 | pSMAD2 | DKK1 |
|---|
Healthy | 5 ± 1 | nd | 109 ± 12 | 18 ± 3 | 75 ± 12 |
CIOA | 65 ± 12 | 136 ± 21 | 145 ± 22 | 36 ± 6 | 32 ± 9 |
CIOA+Glu1 | 8 ± 1*** | 102 ± 10* | 112 ± 14* | 12 ± 3*** | 89 ± 13*** |
- Joint sections were obtained and stained as described in Figure 6. The number of positive cells was evaluated by a computerized imaging system. Data represent the mean of positive cells ± SD from two independent experiments involving five mice/group (10 joint sections/mice); nd, not detectable; Mann-Whitney U-test; *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 vs CIOA group.
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; CIOA, collagen-induced osteoarthritis; DKK1, Dickkopf-1; Glu, glucosamine hydrochloride; pSMAD-2, phosphorylated protein mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand; SD, standard deviation; TGF, transforming growth factor.
