Table 3 Association between sociodemographic, general health and disease-specific variables to health-related quality of life^a

Crude MD (95% CI)

Adjusted MD (95% CI) ^b

Adjusted MD (95% CI) ^c

Crude MD (95% CI)

Adjusted MD (95% CI) ^b

Adjusted MD (95% CI) ^c

Sociodemographic variables

Gender (female vs. male)

-7.37 (-10.67, -4.08)

-3.45 (-6.44, -0.45)

Age (5 years)

-1.04 (-1.45, -0.64)

-0.15 (-0.52, 0.23)

Education

   No or primary

Reference

Reference

   Secondary

1.44 (-0.96, 3.84)

-0.26 (-2.69, 2.18)

0.52 (-1.68, 2.73)

0.42 (-1.90, 2.73)

   Upper secondary

5.71 (3.32, 8.10)

3.95 (1.48, 6.41)

2.15 (-0.06, 4.35)

2.11 (-0.24, 4.45)

   Tertiary

5.40 (1.84, 8.97)

3.84 (0.26, 7.41)

2.30 (-0.98, 5.58)

2.46 (-0.94, 5.86)

Employment

   Employed

Reference

Reference

   Unemployed

-6.05 (-10.16, -1.94)

-3.10 (-7.31, -1.11)

-2.74 (-6.50, 1.03)

-1.83 (-5.77, 2.12)

   Retired

-4.59 (-6.69, -2.49)

-1.99 (-4.85, 0.88)

-0.21 (-2.13, 1.71)

0.34 (-2.34, 3.01)

   Unknown

-

-

-

-

General health variables

Comorbidity index

-1.12 (-1.34, -0.90)

-0.98 (-1.22, -0.74)

-0.58 (-0.80, -0.37)

-0.62 (-0.85, -0.39)

Body mass index

   Normal

Reference

Reference

   Overweight

-2.4 7 (-4.97, 0.04)

-2.98 (-5.38, -0.58)

-1.06 (-3.32, 1.20)

-1.45 (-3.71, 0.81)

   Obese

-4.87 (-7.73, -2.01)

-5.79 (-8.51, -3.06)

-2.35 (-4.92, 0.22)

-2.72 (-5.29, -0.16)

Current smokers

0.04 (-2.60, 2.67)

-0.90 (-3.45, 1.64)

0.47 (-1.9, 2.84)

0.3 (-2.08, 2.68)

High alcohol consumers

0.57 (-1.47, 2.60)

-0.58 (-2.56, 1.39)

-0.94 (-2.77, 0.88)

-1.33 (-3.17, 0.52)

Gout-related variables

Disease duration (>5 years)

-2.54 (-4.49, -0.58)

-2.37 (-4.25, -0.49)

-1.70 (-3.45, 0.05)

-2.54 (-4.29, -0.79)

-2.61 (-4.35, -0.86)

-2.08 (-3.79, -0.37)

Joint involvement

   Monoarticular

Reference

Reference

   Oligoarticular (2 to 4 joints)

-3.13 (-5.53, -0.73)

-3.35 (-5.64, -1.06)

-2.22 (-4.38, -0.07)

0.40 (-1.78, 2.57)

0.27 (-1.90, 2.44)

0.96 (-1.18, 3.10)

   Polyarticular (>4 joints)

-5.66 (-8.69, -2.62)

-5.92 (-8.82, -3.01)

-3.79 (-6.55, -1.04)

-1.05 (-3.80, 1.70)

-1.25 (-4.00, 1.50)

0.42(-2.30, 3.16)

Number of attacks last year

-0.70 (-0.94, -0.47)

-0.71 (-0.93, -0.49)

-0.56 (-0.77, -0.36)

-0.45 (-0.66, -0.24)

-0.44 (-0.65, -0.23)

-0.34 (-0.55, -0.13)

Attacks last month

-8.18 (-10.15, -6.20)

-8.62 (-10.49, -6.76)

-8.13 (-9.88, -6.38)

-3.22 (-5.09, -1.35)

-3.33 (-5.20, -1.47)

-2.72 (-4.58, -0.86)

Presence of tophi

-4.72 (-7.15, -2.30)

-4.16 (-6.50, -1.83)

-3.20 (-5.41, -0.99)

0.56 (-1.62, 2.75)

0.71 (-1.47, 2.89)

1.26 (-0.88, 3.40)

Number of swollen joints

-0.91 (-1.17, -0.65)

-0.78 (-1.04, -0.53)

-0.54 (-0.79, -0.29)

-0.40 (-0.64, -0.16)

-0.37 (-0.62, -0.13)

-0.20 (-0.45, 0.04)

Number of tender joints

-0.64 (-0.79, -0.49)

-0.58 (-0.73, -0.42)

-0.39 (-0.55, -0.24)

-0.38 (-0.52, -0.24)

-0.36 (-0.51, -0.21)

-0.24 (-0.39, -0.09)

Serum uric acid

   <5 mg/dl

Reference

Reference

   5 to 6 mg/dl

-0.09 (-3.14, 2.96)

-0.15 (-3.06, 2.76)

-0.60 (-3.24, 2.02)

-0.2 (-2.97, 2.57)

-0.23 (-2.99, 2.52)

-0.66 (3.19, 1.86)

   6 to 7 mg/dl

-0.12 (-3.09, 2.86)

-0.60 (-3.46, 2.26)

0.48 (-2.32, 3.29)

-1.68 (-4.38, 1.03)

-1.71 (-4.42, 0.99)

-0.75 (-3.55, 2.04)

   >7 mg/dl

-1.78 (-4.56, 0.99)

-2.95 (-5.63, -0.28)

-2.06 (-4.51, 0.38)

-1.45 (-3.98, 1.07)

-1.78 (-4.31, 0.76)

-1.00 (-3.39, 1.38)

Urate-lowering treatment

0.41 (-2.05, 2.87)

0.37 (-2.01, 2.75)

0.49 (-1.71, 2.69)

0.27 (-1.94, 2.47)

0.06 (-2.16, 2.27)

0.03 (-2.12, 2.19)

Current NSAIDs or colchicine

-7.03 (-8.95, -5.11)

-6.67 (-8.52, -4.82)

-5.47 (-7.38, -3.56)

-2.79 (-4.57, -1.00)

-2.53 (-4.32, -0.75)

-2.13 (-4.04, -0.23)

Previous corticosteroids

-5.10 (-7.26, -2.95)

-4-67 (-6.75, -2.59)

-3.51 (-5.46, -1.26

-4.15 (-6.06, -2.23)

-3.90 (-5.83, -1.98)

-3.39 (-5.30, -1.48)