The interface between cholinergic pathways and the immune system and its relevance to arthritis

Table 1 Effect of cholinergic agonists on tumour necrosis factor formation in stimulated monocytes/macrophages

Cell type	Agonist	TNF levels	Reference
Human
Monocyte-derived macrophages	Acetylcholine, nicotine	↓	[6]
	Choline	↓	[64]
	Nicotine	↓	[66]
Monocytes	Nicotine	↓	[70]
	Nicotine, cotinine	↓	[69]
	Nicotine	X	[72]
	GTS-21	↓	[72]
	Nicotine	↓	[65]
(mononuclear cells) Whole blood	Choline	↓	[64]
	Nicotine	X	[72]
	GTS-21	↓	[72]
(rheumatoid arthritis)	Nicotine, GTS-21	↓	[71]
Murine
Resident peritoneal macrophages	Nicotine	↓	[13]
	Nicotine, AR-R17779	↓	[74]
	Nicotine	↓	[73]
	GTS-21	↓	[84]
Elicited peritoneal macrophages	Nicotine, acetylcholine	↓	[17]
	Choline	↓	[64]
	Acetylcholine	↓	[75]
	Nicotine	↓	[76]

ISSN: 1478-6362