Fig. 4

Double immunofluorescence staining for CD163⁺ macrophages and CD3⁺ T cells and selected macrophage markers in DLE lesional skin (n = 6–8). a–e DLE lesional skin was stained with both antibodies to CD163 (red) and selected macrophage markers (green), including CXCL10 (a), CD127 (b), TNF-α (c), TGF-β (d), and CD209 (e). Accompanying control slides are present on the upper right. Yellow arrowheads indicate example areas of overlap. A minority of CD163⁺ macrophages co-stained with these proteins, and the most overlap was seen with CD209. (f) DLE lesional skin was also stained with antibodies to CD3 (red) and CD127 (green). A subset of CD3⁺ T cells showed expression of CD127. Dotted line denotes epidermal-dermal junction. Total magnification: ×200. DLE discoid lupus erythematosus, TGF-β transforming growth factor-beta, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha