Table 1 Participant characteristics by race

Age, mean ± SD, years

64.54 ± 9.39

58.68 ± 8.13

<0.001

Sex, n (%) female

302 (58.8)

207 (72.6)

<0.001

Currently married, n (%)

275 (53.5)

65 (22.8)

<0.001

Education, n (%)

<0.001

≤High school or GED

200 (39.1)

170 (60.1)

 Post-secondary training, Associates/Bachelors degree

194 (38.0)

98 (34.6)

 Graduate degree

117 (22.9)

15 (5.3)

Income, n (%)

<0.001

 <$10,000

32 (6.9)

84 (31.7)

 $10,000-$19,999

72 (15.6)

83 (31.3)

 $20,000-$29,999

75 (16.2)

35 (13.2)

 $30,000-$39,999

50 (10.8)

17 (6.4)

 $40,000-$49,999

51 (11.0)

12 (4.5)

 ≥$50,000

183 (39.5)

34 (12.8)

Employment status, n (%)

<0.001

 Full time

145 (28.4)

70 (24.6)

 Part time

51 (10.0)

23 (8.1)

 Unemployed

36 (7.0)

46 (16.2)

 Disabled

53 (10.4)

81 (28.5)

 Retired

226 (44.2)

64 (22.5)

Health insurance^b, n (%)

 Medicare

225 (46.2)

98 (35.5)

0.004

 Medicaid

53 (11.2)

63 (22.9)

<0.001

 HMO or private/group

381 (77.6)

161 (57.7)

<0.001

 No insurance

12 (2.6)

21 (7.7)

0.001

 MOS social support, mean ± SD

15.17 ± 4.79

13.44 ± 5.26

<0.001

 Recruitment site, n (%) non-Veterans Affairs

467 (90.9)

278 (97.5)

<0.001

 WOMAC , mean ± SD

42.98 ± 15.27

53.98 ± 15.10

<0.001

 Comorbidities, mean number ± SD

3.22 ± 1.71

3.56 ± 1.69

0.007

 PHQ-9 depression, mean ± SD

4.77 ± 4.67

6.63 ± 5.5

<0.001

 SF-12 physical health, mean ± SD

38.50 ± 11.01

36.25 ± 10.00

0.0045