Fig. 5

Flow cytometric analysis of the number of circulating activated follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and activated Tfh cell subsets. Representative flow cytometric analysis of activated Tfh2 cells (a). The absolute number of activated Tfh cells (b) and activated Tfh cell subsets (c) from patients with IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) (n = 17), primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) (n = 20), multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD) (n = 5) or from healthy controls (HC) (n = 12). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.0001 for analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by group-wise comparisons using the Mann-Whitney U test. ns not significant