Fig. 2

Cytokine production by exosomes. a Healthy PBMCs were stimulated with exosomes from healthy controls (HC) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, and production of IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were measured. Data are presented as the median and interquartile range. b Cytokine production by SLE exosomes that were mechanically disrupted and SLE serum that was depleted of exosomes relative to SLE exosomes were compared. Data are presented as the median and interquartile range. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. IFN interferon, IL interleukin, TNF tumor necrosis factor