Table 3 Association between smoking status, socioeconomic status and level of formal education and development of primary Sjögren’s syndrome
From: Cigarette smoking and the risk of primary Sjögren’s syndrome: a nested case control study
All pSS cases (n = 63) and matched controls (n = 252) OR (95% CI) | Exposed (cases/controls) | pSS cases with documented symptom onset after inclusion (n = 28) and matched controls (n = 112) OR (95% CI) | Exposed (cases/controls) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smoking | Not current smokers | Reference | 50/159 | Reference | 22/74 |
Current smokers | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 10/92 | 0.2 (0.1–0.9) | 4/38 | |
Never smokers | Reference | 18/96 | Reference | 10/43 | |
Former smokers | 4.0 (1.8–8.8) | 32/63 | 1.7 (0.6–5.6) | 12/31 | |
Current smokers | 0.5 (0.2–1.3) | 10/92 | 0.3 (0.1–1.5) | 4/38 | |
Socioeconomic status | White-collar worker | Reference | 26/131 | Reference | 11/53 |
Blue-collar worker | 1.4 (0.7–2.8) | 22/89 | 0.8 (0.2–2.5) | 9/40 | |
Other | 2.4 (0.7–8.4) | 6/16 | 1.0 (0.3–3.2) | 4/11 | |
Education | Medium/high | Reference | 33/144 | Reference | 11/55 |
Low | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 25/99 | 1.4 (0.5–4.0) | 13/49 |