Fig. 1

Radar charts comparing short form-36 (SF-36) domain median scores between Asian and Caucasian ethnicity (a), primary, secondary and tertiary education levels (b), presence (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics damage index (SLICC)-damage index (DI) >0) and absence (SLICC-DI = 0) of disease damage (c) and presence and absence of musculoskeletal (MSK) activity - either arthritis or myositis on the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index-2 K (SLEDAI-2 K) (d). Each spoke on the radar chart represents an SF-36 domain on a scale of 0–100, with higher scores representing better health-related quality of life. The domains are physical function (PF), role physical (RP), bodily pain (BP), general health (GH), vitality (VT), social function (SF), role emotional (RE) and mental health (MH). *p < 0.001; ^# p < 0.01 using the two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test or Kruskal-Wallis test as appropriate