Fig. 2
From: Fibroblast-like synoviocyte metabolism in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis
Main mechanisms of FLS activation. The pro-inflammatory environment in RA joints, including high levels of cytokines, growth factors, and infiltrating inflammatory cells, strongly activates FLS. Other stimuli, such as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), microparticles, activation of calcium channels or stimulation through synovial nerves, complement, and antibodies are also important triggers of inflammatory signaling pathways, metabolic shifts, and epigenetic changes. AA amino acids, PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase, TLR Toll-like receptor