Table 2 Linear regression analysis of differences in carbohydrate metabolism molecules, incretin hormones, and insulin resistance indexes between patients with rheumatoid arthritis and control subjects
Univariate model | Adjusted model | Adjusted model + GC | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control subjects (n = 210) | Patients with RA (n = 151) | p Value | β Coefficient (95% CI) | p Value | β Coefficient (95% CI) | p Value | |
Glucose, mg/dl | 90 ± 10 | 88 ± 19 | 0.21 | 3 (−1 to 7) | 0.37 | 1 (−4 to 5) | 0.71 |
Insulin, U/ml | 9.8 ± 6.5 | 13.0 ± 13.4 | 0.007 | 3.0 (0.2 to 5.8) | 0.037 | 3.2 (0.1 to 6.4) | 0.046 |
C-peptide, ng/ml | 1.53 ± 0.77 | 3.37 ± 2.94 | 0.000 | 2.13 (1.56 to 2.69) | 0.000 | 1.98 (1.35 to 2.61) | 0.000 |
GLP-1, ng/ml | 0.49 ± 1.28 | 0.71 ± 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.31 (0.25 to 0.38) | 0.000 | 0.32 (0.25 to 0.39) | 0.000 |
GIP, ng/ml | 0.37 ± 0.40 | 1.78 ± 0.51 | 0.000 | 1.35 (1.19 to 1.51) | 0.000 | 1.33 (1.15 to 1.51) | 0.000 |
DPP-4, ng/ml | 811 ± 459 | 696 ± 301 | 0.007 | −112 (−213 to −10) | 0.032 | −85 (−199 to 30) | 0.15 |
HOMA2 insulin | |||||||
HOMA2-IR | 1.27 ± 0.82 | 1.65 ± 1.69 | 0.011 | 0.38 (0.03 to 0.74) | 0.036 | 0.39 (−0.01 to 0.79) | 0.054 |
HOMA2-%S | 108 ± 75 | 105 ± 53 | 0.65 | −19 (3 to −35) | 0.019 | −25 (−7 to −42) | 0.006 |
HOMA2-%B | 111 ± 45 | 134 ± 69 | 0.000 | 8 (−8 to 23) | 0.33 | 13 (−4 to 31) | 0.14 |
HOMA2 C-peptide | |||||||
HOMA2-IR | 1.13 ± 0.58 | 2.49 ± 2.35 | 0.000 | 1.63 (−1.18 to 2.09) | 0.000 | 1.51 (1.00 to 2.02) | 0.000 |
HOMA2-%S | 115 ± 75 | 67 ± 41 | 0.000 | −51 (−68 to −34) | 0.000 | −45 (−64 to −28) | 0.000 |
HOMA2-%B | 104 ± 36 | 180 ± 82 | 0.000 | 71 (55 to 88) | 0.000 | 74 (55 to 93) | 0.000 |