Table 3 Inflammatory markers, disease-related data, and disease activity scores: univariate relationship with insulin and C-peptide serum levels, incretins, dipeptidyl peptidase 4, and homeostatic model assessment calculated with insulin indexes

CRP, mg/dl

0.02 (−0.05 to 0.08), 0.61

0.01 (−0.02 to 0.03), 0.09

0.00 (−0.00 to 0.00), 0.70

0.00 (−0.00 to 0.01), 0.44

−1 (−4 to 2), 0.64

0.00 (−0.01 to 0.01), 0.61

0.54 (0.16 to 0.96), 0.013

ESR, mm/h

−0.01 (−0.10 to 0.09), 0.88

0.00 (−0.02 to 0.03), 0.67

0.00 (−0.00 to 0.00), 0.47

0.01 (0.00 to 0.01), 0.033

1 (−1 to 3), 0.37

−0.00 (−0.01 to 0.01), 0.90

0.08 (−0.50 to 0.66), 0.79

Disease duration, years

−0.03 (−0.27 to 0.20), 0.78

0.01 (−0.05 to 0.06), 0.82

−0.00 (−0.01 to 0.00), 0.40

0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02), 0.20

2 (−3 to 8), 0.40

−0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03), 0.82

−0.51 (−1.95 to 0.94), 0.49

ACPA

−4.57 (−9.09 to −0.04), 0.048

−1.11 (−2.10 to −0.11), 0.029

0.02 (−0.07 to 0.10), 0.70

−0.01 (−0.20 to 0.18), 0.91

157 (58 to 256), 0.002

−0.57 (−1.14 to 0.01), 0.053

−32.23 (−60.02 to −4.44), 0.023

Rheumatoid factor

−1.41 (−6.45 to 3.63), 0.58

−0.10 (−1.21 to 1.01), 0.85

0.04 (−0.06 to 0.13), 0.44

0.10 (−0.10 to 0.31), 0.33

76 (−35 to 188), 0.18

−0.13 (−0.77 to 0.50), 0.68

−18.37 (−49.31 to 12.57), 0.24

DAS28-ESR

−0.49 (−2.32 to 1.35), 0.60

−0.01 (−0.41 to 0.40), 0.98

0.01 (−0.03 to 0.4), 0.65

−0.04 (−0.12 to 0.03), 0.24

46 (6 to 87), 0.026

−0.06 (−0.29 to 0.18), 0.64

−0.79 (−12.11 to 10.53), 0.89

DAS28-CRP

−0.22 (−2.43 to 2.00), 0.85

0.08 (−0.41 to 0.57), 0.75

0.01 (−0.03 to 0.05), 0.64

−0.05 (−0.14 to 0.04), 0.30

45 (−5 to 94), 0.075

−0.02 (−0.30 to 0.26), 0.88

3.33 (−10.31 to 16.97), 0.63

SDAI

0.00 (−0.10 to 0.11), 0.96

0.01 (−0.02 to 0.03), 0.61

−0.00 (−0.00 to 0.00), 0.34

0.00 (−0.00 to 0.00), 0.99

1.49 (−0.87 to 3.85), 0.21

0.00 (−0.01 to 0.01), 0.97

0.38 (−0.26 to 1.03), 0.24

CDAI

−0.06 (−0.36 to 0.23), 0.67

−0.00 (−0.07 to 0.06), 0.90

0.00 (−0.00 to 0.01); 0.40

−0.01 (−0.02 to 0.00); 0.075

7.74 (1.29 to 14.2), 0.019

−0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03), 0.68

0.02 (−1.78 to 1.82), 0.98

SDAI

−0.01 (−0.11 to 0.10), 0.92

0.00 (−0.02 to 0.03), 0.72

−0.00 (−0.00 to 0.00), 0.28

0.00 (−0.00 to 0.01), 0.84

1.24 (−1.16 to 3.64), 0.31

−0.00 (−0.01 to 0.01), 0.91

0.34 (−0.32 to 0.99), 0.31

CDAI

0.01 (−0.04 to 0.05), 0.73

0.00 (−0.01 to 0.01), 0.41

0.00 (−0.00 to 0.00), 0.35

−0.00 (−0.00 to 0.00), 0.14

1.27 (0.28 to 2.26), 0.012

0.00 (−0.01 to 0.01), 0.72

0.12 (−0.16 to 0.39), 0.41

Prednisone intake

2.56 (−0.31 to 5.42), 0.080

1.69 (1.09 to 2.28), 0.000

0.19 (0.11 to 0.27), 0.000

0.96 (0.72 to 1.19), 0.000

−131 (−244 to −18), 0.023

0.34 (−0.02 to 0.70), 0.067

51 (31 to 70), 0.000

Methotrexate

−9.9 (−44 to 25), 0.57

−0.11 (−0.47 to 0.25), 0.55

0.02 (−0.07 to 0.11), 0.73

0.05 (−0.15 to 0.25), 0.60

36 (−76 to 147), 0.53

−0.19 (−0.82 to 0.44), 0.55

−5 (−36 to 25), 0.73

Anti-TNF-α drugs

28 (−16 to 72), 0.21

0.21 (−0.26 to 0.67), 0.39

−0.10 (−0.21 to 0.02), 0.11

0.09 (−0.16 to 0.34), 0.48

30 (−113 to 173), 0.68

0.54 (−0.27 to 1.34), 0.19

−12 (−51 to 27), 0.55