Table 1 Characteristics of the included articles (n = 14)
Article | Country | Study setting (study name) | Age (years) | Gender | Ethnicity | Years of follow-up | Ascertainment of exposure | Ascertainment of gout diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prior et al. 1987 [10] | New Zealand and Tokelau | Population based | ≥ 15 at baseline, ≥ 18 at first follow-up | Men and women included, but numbers not specified | 100% Tokelauan | Up to 14 | Hypertension: measurement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure | History of ≥ 2 episodes of podagra with redness and swelling of first metatarsophalangeal joint |
Roubenoff et al. (1991) [11]a | USA | Population based (medical students) (John Hopkins precursor study) | Median 22 | Men: 1216 (91%); women: 121 (9%) | White: 1301 (97%); non-white: 36 (3%) | 40 | Hypertension: self-reported SBP > 160 mmHg or DBP > 95 mmHg on two questionnaires or self-reported anti-hypertensive medication use | Self-report followed by medical chart review |
Hochberg et al. (1995) [12]a | USA | Population based (medical students) (John Hopkins precursor study) | White: mean 26.1, SD 1.8; black: mean 29.0, SD 3.8 | Men: 923 (100%) | White: 571 (62%); black: 352 (38%) | 26–34; mean 29 | Hypertension: self-reported SBP > 160 mmHg or DBP > 95 mmHg on two questionnaires or self-reported anti-hypertensive medication use | Self-report plus one of: history of MSU crystals or documented tophus or use of colchicine, probenecid or allopurinol |
Grodzicki et al. (1997) [13]a | UK | Primary care (general practice hypertension study) | 18–65 | Men: 1060 (50%); women: 1068 (50%) | Not reported | Average 8 | Hypertension: not reported Diuretic use: not reported | Diagnosed by GP |
Choi et al. (2005) [14]a | USA | Population based (male healthcare professionals) (health professionals follow-up study) | 40–75, mean 54 | Men: 47,150 (100%) | 91% white | 12 | Obesity: self-reportedHypertension: self-reported physician-diagnosed hypertension Diuretic use: self-reported | Self-report followed by ACR criteria (≥ 6/11 for diagnosis of gout) |
Bhole et al. (2010) [15]a | USA | Population based (Framington heart study) | Men: mean 46, SD 9; women: mean 47, SD 9 | Men: 1951 (44%); women: 2476 (56%) | Not reported | 52; median 28 | Obesity: measured height and weight, BMI calculatedHypertension: average of two readings SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHgDiuretic use: self-reported | Clinical diagnosis at any follow-up study examination |
McAdams DeMarco et al. (2011) [16]a | USA | Population based (CLUE II study) | 13–87 at baseline, ≥ 24 at first follow-up | Men: 6100 (39%); women: 9433 (61%) | White: 15,533 (100%) | 18 | Obesity: self-reported | Self-report |
Maynard et al. (2012) [17]a | USA | Population based (ARIC) | 45–64 | Women: 6263 (100%) | White: 4676 (75%); black: 1587 (25%) | 9 | Obesity: self-reported | Self-report |
Chen et al. (2012) [18]a | Taiwan | Population based (health insurance database) | Men: mean 46, SD 9; women: mean 47, SD 9 | Men: 60,181 (45%); women: 72,375 (55%) | – | Median 7.31 | Hypertension: record linkage | Record linkage: diagnostic code of gout from ICD-9 + 2× prescriptions of colchicine + prescription of urate-lowering drugs |
McAdams-DeMarco et al. (2012) [25]a | USA | Population based (ARIC) | 45–64; mean 54, SD 5.7 | Men: 4709 (43%); women: 6163 (57%) | White: 8538 (79%); black: 2334 (21%) | 9 | Hypertension: self-report of anti-hypertension medications or measured high blood pressure | Self-report |
McAdams DeMarco et al. (2012) [20] | USA | Population based (ARIC) | 45–64; mean 54, SD 5.7 | Men: 2445 (42%); women: 3344 (58%) | White: 3998 (69%); black: 1791 (31%) | 9 | Diuretic use: self-report | Self-report |
Wilson et al. (2014) [21] | USA | Population based (health insurance database) | 18–89 | Men: 1449 (48%); women: 1584 (52%) | – | Up to 12 | Diuretics: record linkage, chlorthalidone vs hydrochlorothiazide | Record linkage: ICD-9 for gout or allopurinol, febuxostat, colchicine, probenecid |
Pan et al. (2015) [22]a | Singapore | Population based (Singapore Chinese health study) | Hyp. 61.3 (median); no Hyp. 59.3 (median) | Hyp. men: 4403 (40.7%); no Hyp. men: 7982 (40.4) | – | 12 | Hypertension: self-report at recruitment interview | Self-report and clinical verification |
Burke et al. (2016) [23]a | USA | Population based (ARIC) | ≥ 65 | No gout (n = 6535): men 43.4%; gout (n = 230): men 52.2% | White: 100% | 25 | Hypertension: SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg, or use of a medication to treat hypertension Diuretic use: self-report of medication use | Self-report |