Common mechanisms and holistic care in atherosclerosis and osteoporosis

Table 1 The most imprtant risk factors for atherosclerosis and osteoporosis^*

	Atherosclerosis	Osteoporosis
Age	+++ [21, 24]	+++ [21, 24]
Dyslipidemia	+ [20]	± [20]
Hypertension	+ [20]	± [20]
Smoking	+ [21, 24]	+ [21, 24]
Diabetes mellitus	+ [22]	+ [22]
Sedentary lifestyle/immobility	+ [21, 24]	+ [21, 24]
Vitamin D deficiency	± [42]	+ [42]
Postmenopausal status/estrogen deprivation/premature menopause	+ [21, 24]	+ [21, 24]
“Low-grade inflammation”	++ [4, 5, 17, 18]	++ [6, 16]
Falls	–	+ [27]
Inadequate calcium intake	–	+ [21]
Alcohol consumption	–	+ [21]
Hypertension	+ [21]	–
Stress	+ [21]	–

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