Table 2 Differentially expressed microRNA in CD4⁺ or CD14⁺ cells between axSpA patients and controls

miR-16-1-3p

CD4⁺

0.04

1.30E−05

IGF1R, CREBBP, EXT1/2

Autophagy

miR-28-5p

CD4⁺

3.06E−03

2.50E−04

MAPK1, B7-H3

Osteoblastic differentiation, JAK/STAT signaling pathway

miR-199a-5p

CD4⁺

3.20E−06

8.90E−04

CEBP/α, HIF-1α, IKKβ, NFkB1, EXTL3, SMAD4, WNT2

TGF-β, monocyte to macrophage differentiation, osteoclast differentiation, WNT signaling

AS [43]

miR-126-3p

CD4⁺

6.57E−07

2.40E−03

IκB, VCAM-1, LRP6, DNMT1, CXCL12

NFκB, FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, HIF-1α signaling, PI3k/AkT signaling pathway

IBD [47], AS [40]

CD14⁺

0.03

0.04

let-7d-3p

CD4⁺

0.02

3.10E−03

let-7b-5p

CD14⁺

0.01

0.02

IFNβ1, TLR4, SOX9, IL17RC, ERAP2

PI3k/AkT signaling pathway, WNT signaling, Apoptosis

CD [72], AS [41]

miR-361-3p

CD4⁺

1.11E−03

4.80E−03

LRP5, FRIZZLED6, TRAF1, IL1RA

WNT signaling

CD [72]

CD14⁺

1.08E−03

5.80E−05

miR-484

CD4⁺

5.24E−04

0.02

IFNAR2, IL2, RUNX2

Osteoblast differentiation

CD14⁺

9.89E−04

1.10E−03

miR-16-5p

CD4⁺

3.91E−03

0.03

WNT3A, LRP6, NFAT, SMAD3, BCL2, PDL-1, CASP1/5, IFNγ, EXT1/3, TNFAIP2, TGFB1, NFkB1, STAT3

M1 macrophages polarization, T lymphocyte activation, TGF-β, PI3k/AkT and NOD pathways

AS [41, 73], RA [74]

CD14⁺

4.98E−03

1.20E−03

miR-197-3p

CD4⁺

3.77E−04

0.03

SMAD7, IL1R1, PDCD4, IL18

TGF-B, Osteoclast differentiation, Apoptosis

miR-181c-5p

CD4⁺

7.41E−03

0.04

IL2, CCL22, IL1α, BCL2

Apoptosis, FcγR mediated phagocytosis, PI3k/AkT signaling pathway

miR-874-3p

CD4⁺

5.27E−04

0.05

STAT3, IKKβ

Osteoblastic differentiation, FcγR mediated phagocytosis

miR-223-3p

CD14⁺

0.05

4.90E−04

NLRP3, CLDN8, FOXO3, IL6

Monocyte survival, macrophage differentiation, NFκB pathway, Epithelial cell adhesion

IBD [62, 75], psoriasis [37], RA [74]

miR-146a-5p

CD14⁺

0.08

2.01E−03

NFκB, TRAF6, IRAK1, TLR2/4, STAT1, RORα, MAP3K7

NFκB and TNFα pathways, cytokines production, myeloid lineage differentiation

SpA [40, 76]

miR-15a-5p

CD14⁺

2.75E−04

4.60E−03

BCL2, NFkB1, CARD8, TNFSF9, IKKα, SMAD7, IFNγ

PI3k/AkT and NOD-like signaling pathways, BCR and TCR signaling, NFkB, TLR signaling, osteoclast differenciation, Apoptosis

miR-376a-3p

CD14⁺

3.00E−06

6.05E−03

CDK2, SMAD7, ATG4C, IL7

Cell cycle, Bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, TGF-B pathway, Autophagy

miR-885-5p

CD14⁺

5.57E−03

0.01

CDK2, CASP16, EGF1R, CLDN1

Cell cycle, Epithelial cell adhesion, Bacterial invasion of epithelial cells

miR-574-3p

CD14⁺

1.78 E−03

1.89E−03

RXRα, IRF4, EGFR

Chondrogenic differentiation, Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis

FMF [77]

miR-92b-3p

CD14⁺

0.02

0.04

SMAD2/5, BMP7, MAPK1

Osteoblastic differentiation, TGF-B pathway

miR-30e-5p

CD14⁺

9.06E−04

0.05

BCL2, ATG12

Apoptosis, autophagy