Fig. 3

Metformin rescues rapamycin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. a NIH3T3 cells were immunostained with MitoTracker Red CMXROS (red), anti-α-tubulin (green), and DAPI (nuclei, blue), and the perinuclear mitochondrial distance was quantified on confocal micrographs. b Cellular OCRs in the presence of rapamycin–metformin. Oligomycin 2 μM, FCCP 0.3 μM, metformin 2 mM, antimycin A 5 μM, and rotenone 5 μM were treatment in cells for OCR measurement. c Mitochondrial oxphos gene expression levels in the presence of rapamycin–metformin, as determined by qRT-PCR. Data represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001