Low levels of serum urate are associated with a higher prevalence of depression in older adults: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Korea

Table 3 Association of serum urate levels with overall depression in older adults

	Older men (n = 710)		Older women (n = 909)
	Odds ratio	95% CI	Odds ratio	95% CI
Crude analysis
Urate levels
Low (Q1, Q2)	1.58	0.83, 3.04	1.72	1.26, 2.36
High (Q3, Q4)	Reference		Reference
Adjusted analysis
Age (per 1 year)	1.01	0.97, 1.06	1.00	0.97, 1.04
CRP (per 1 mg/L)	1.02	0.96, 1.08	1.00	0.95, 1.05
Urate levels
Low (Q1, Q2)	1.44	0.74, 2.80	1.78	1.21, 2.61
High (Q3, Q4)	Reference		Reference
Educational levels
Elementary school	1.65	0.66, 4.14	0.90	0.41, 2.00
Middle school	1.22	0.39, 3.81	1.36	0.59, 3.14
High school	0.65	0.21, 1.98	1.65	0.71, 3.81
College	Reference		Reference
Household income levels
1st quartile	5.82	1.56, 21.77	1.42	0.76, 2.65
2nd quartile	4.34	1.00, 18.73	0.89	0.49, 1.62
3rd quartile	1.94	0.48, 7.92	0.90	0.47, 1.74
4th quartile	Reference		Reference
Categorized BMI
< 18.5	1.87	0.84, 4.17	2.21	0.71, 6.88
18.5–24.9	Reference		Reference
≥ 25	0.66	0.35, 1.26	0.87	0.56, 1.36
Presence of chronic disease
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.15	0.56, 2.34	1.67	1.04, 2.70
Lifetime diagnosis of depression
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	62.37	8.43, 461.35	13.84	6.62, 28.91
Perceived health status
Very good or good	Reference		Reference
Fair, poor, or very poor	4.81	2.39, 9.69	2.91	1.49, 5.69
Perceived stress
No or mild	Reference		Reference
Much or very much	5.46	2.84, 10.50	3.79	2.48, 5.79
Smoking status
Non-smoker	Reference		Reference
Current smoker	1.14	0.61, 2.12	1.27	0.47, 3.44
Drinking status
Non-drinker	Reference		Reference
Current drinker	1.15	0.62, 2.12	0.91	0.60, 1.39

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