Fig. 6

Cenerimod treatment reduces T and proliferating plasma cells within the ELS in the MRL/lpr model. Quantification of the salivary gland ELS (A), the average ELS area (in mm²) (B) and representative H&E microphotographs of mandibular salivary glands (B); blue arrows indicate ELS. C Quantification of CD3⁺ T cell area as a percentage of ELS area; representative microphotographs of salivary glands depicting CD3⁺ T cells (green) and cell nuclear counterstain (DAPI, blue); the yellow line marks the ELS border. D Quantification of CD138⁺ cell area as a percentage of ELS area; representative microphotographs of salivary glands depicting CD138⁺ plasma cells (dark brown) and cell nuclear counterstain (blue); the yellow line marks the ELS border. E Quantification of Ki67⁺ cell area as a percentage of ELS area; representative microphotographs of salivary glands depicting Ki67⁺ cells (orange) and cell nuclear counterstain (DAPI, blue); the yellow line marks the ELS border. F Quantification of Ki67⁺ CD3⁺, Ki67⁺ CD19⁺ and Ki67⁺ CD138⁺ area as a percentage of ELS area; representative microphotographs of salivary glands depicting Ki67⁺ cells (orange), CD138⁺ plasma cells (green), Ki67⁺ CD138⁺ cells (yellow) and cell nuclear counterstain (DAPI, blue); the yellow line marks the ELS border. In all graphs, each data point represents the measurement of individual mice at the end of the study (week 11); horizontal line indicates the median, the box indicates the upper and lower quartiles and the whiskers indicate the minimum and maximum range; **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001 vs. vehicle group (Mann-Whitney test). SG, salivary gland; ELS, ectopic lymphoid structures