Table 2 Summary of the chemokine profile in patients with TAK
Chemokines | CCL22 | RANTES | CXCL16 | CXCL11 | IL-16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peripheral blood | |||||
 Before treatment | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
 After treatment | ↑↑ | ↓ | ↓ | → | → |
 Positive correlation | CXCL16, IL16 | CD3+CD4+ T cell number, CD19+ B cell number, IL-6 level | CCL22, IL-16 | CD19+ cell number | CD3+CD4+ T cell number, CCL22, CXCL16 |
Vascular tissue | |||||
 Expression | + to ++ | + to ++ | + to +++ | ++ to +++ | ++ to +++ |
 Main Distribution | Area with inflammatory cell infiltration, mainly in the adventitia | Mainly in adventitia, scatteredly distributed, not necessarily correlated with inflammatory cell infiltration | Microvessel wall in the adventitia | Microvessel wall and area with inflammatory cell infiltration in the adventitia | Area with inflammatory cell infiltration, mainly in the adventitia |
Expression cell types | Mainly macrophages, DCs, NK cells [15] | Macrophages, T lymphocytes, endothelial cells, platelets, synovial fibroblasts, etc. [16] | Macrophages, DCs, T cells, cytokine-stimulated SMCs and ECs, etc. [17] | Monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, etc. | Various cells, such as CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts [18] |
Recruitment cell types | Monocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and for chronically activated T lymphocytes [19] | T cells, macrophages, NK cell, eosinophils, basophils, etc. [16] | T cell, NK cell | Activated T-cells | CD4+ lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils [18] |
Role in biological processes | Immune cell chemotaxis, Th2 response, allergy, fibrosis [19] | Immune cell chemotaxis, pro-inflammation pathways, angiogenesis [16, 20] | Immune cell chemotaxis, cell adhesion, role as a cell surface scavenger receptor [21] | Immune cell chemotaxis, Th1 response, angiogenesis [22] | Immune cell chemotaxis, T cell activation [23] |
Role in vasculitis/vascular disorders | Increased expression in active EGPA, association with blood eosinophilia [24] | Increased expression in TAK and GCA, association with perivascular inflammation and immune cell infiltration [25, 26] | Regulation of inflammation in cardiovascular disease [27], promotion of angiogenesis in RA [28], role in atherosclerosis as a scavenger receptor for OxLDL [17] | Induction of macrophage infiltration in GCA [5], association with IFN-γ in mixed cryoglobulinemia and chronic hepatitis C infection with active vasculitis [29] | Association with vascular damage index in AAV, possible involvement in progressive fibrosis [30], role in the migration and invasion of VSMCs [31] |
Role in other disorders | Regulation of EAE via macrophage accumulation [32], role in allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis [33], role in pulmonary fibrosis [34] | Role in multiple tumors, promotion of carcinogenesis and invasiveness of tumor cells [35], involvement in antiviral response in viral infections [36] | Promotion of tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis [21] | Role in multiple autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune thyroiditis and autoimmune encephalomyelitis [37, 38], and promotion of tumor growth and metastasis [39] | Association with disease activity in SLE [40] and RA [41, 42] |