Fig. 1

Gut microbiome diversity and structure analysis based on 16S rDNA sequencing data. a Species diversity differences between the OA and KBD groups were estimated by the observed species, Shannon, Simpson, and Chao1 indices. NS, not significant; OA, patient in the osteoarthritis group; KBD, patient in the KBD group. b Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of the microbiota based on the unweighted (P = 0.001) and weighted (P = 0.027) UniFrac distance matrices for the OA and KBD groups. c Component proportions of the bacterial genus in each group; n = 32 for the OA group and n = 32 for the KBD group. d Circos plot. The left side of the circle represents species and the right side represents sample groups; different colors represent different taxonomic categories and sample groups. From left to right, the thickness of the same color line in the inner ring represents the relative abundance of the species in different sample groups; from right to left, the thickness of the same color line in the inner ring represents the proportion of different species in the sample group. e Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) integrated with effect size (LEfSe). The differences in abundance between the OA and KBD groups