Table 1 Baseline characteristics among the Hashimoto’s thyroiditis group and non-Hashimoto’s thyroiditis group
Before PSM (1:20 age matching) | 1:2 PSM | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, n = 315,020 | Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, n = 15,751 | p value | ASD | Non-Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, n = 31,024 | Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, n = 15,512 | p value | ASD | |
Before, any time | ||||||||
Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
No hyperthyroidism and no hypothyroidism | 314,531 (99.8) | 6044 (38.4) | 30,969 (99.8) | 5910 (38.1) | ||||
Hyperthyroidism only | 294 (0.1) | 2392 (15.2) | 36 (0.1) | 2367 (15.3) | ||||
Hypothyroidism only | 182 (0.1) | 5604 (35.6) | 18 (0.1) | 5549 (35.8) | ||||
Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism | 13 (0.004) | 1711 (10.9) | 1 (0.003) | 1686 (10.9) | ||||
Sex | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | ||||
Female | 271,700 (86.2) | 13,585 (86.2) | 26,750 (86.2) | 13,375 (86.2) | ||||
Male | 43,320 (13.8) | 2166 (13.8) | 4274 (13.8) | 2137 (13.8) | ||||
Age | 43.4 ± 16.0 | 43.4 ± 16.0 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 43.4 ± 16.0 | 43.4 ± 16.0 | 0.951 | 0.001 |
Urbanization | < 0.001 | 0.240 | 0.758 | 0.001 | ||||
Urban | 100,057 (31.8) | 6638 (42.1) | 13,003 (41.9) | 6535 (42.1) | ||||
Suburban | 151,327 (48.0) | 6944 (44.1) | 13,798 (44.5) | 6844 (44.1) | ||||
Rural | 63,636 (20.2) | 2169 (13.8) | 4223 (13.6) | 2133 (13.8) | ||||
Low incomec | 159,152 (50.5) | 7078 (44.9) | < 0.001 | 0.112 | 13,957 (45.0) | 6994 (45.1) | 0.838 | 0.002 |
3 months before the index date | ||||||||
Times of visiting the outpatient department | 2.8 ± 4.1 | 6.6 ± 5.6 | < 0.001 | 3.2 ± 4.4 | 6.5 ± 5.6 | < 0.001 | ||
Number of patients visited the outpatient department | 182,102 (57.8) | 14,898 (94.6) | < 0.001 | 19,243 (62) | 14,661 (94.5) | < 0.001 | ||
Length of hospital stays | 0.2 ± 2.2 | 0.4 ± 3.1 | < 0.001 | 0.3 ± 2.7 | 0.4 ± 3.0 | 0.002 | ||
0 days | 308,464 (97.9) | 15,034 (95.4) | < 0.001 | 30,056 (96.9) | 14,826 (95.6) | < 0.001 | ||
1–6 days | 3954 (1.3) | 439 (2.8) | 574 (1.9) | 427 (2.8) | ||||
≥ 7 days | 2602 (0.8) | 278 (1.8) | 394 (1.3) | 259 (1.7) | ||||
Follow up for 3 months after the index date | ||||||||
Times of visiting the outpatient department | 5.2 ± 4.3 | 8.1 ± 5.5 | < 0.001 | 5.5 ± 4.6 | 8.1 ± 5.5 | < 0.001 | ||
Number of patients visited the outpatient department | 315,020 (100) | 15,748 (100) | < 0.001 | 31,024 (100) | 15,509 (100) | 0.014 | ||
Length of hospital stays | 0.3 ± 2.8 | 0.7 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 | 0.4 ± 3.1 | 0.6 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 | ||
0 days | 304,835 (96.8) | 14,602 (92.7) | < 0.001 | 29,976 (96.6) | 14,456 (93.2) | < 0.001 | ||
1–6 days | 6269 (2.0) | 676 (4.3) | 636 (2.1) | 632 (4.1) | ||||
≥ 7 days | 3916 (1.2) | 473 (3.0) | 412 (1.3) | 424 (2.7) | ||||
Follow up for 6 months after the index date | ||||||||
Times of visiting the outpatient department | 8.9 ± 7.8 | 14.4 ± 9.8 | < 0.001 | 9.6 ± 8.2 | 14.3 ± 9.6 | < 0.001 | ||
Number of patients visited the outpatient department | 315,020 (100) | 15,749 (100) | < 0.001 | 31,024 (100) | 15,510 (100) | 0.045 | ||
Length of hospital staysa | 0.6 ± 4.9 | 1.0 ± 5.9 | < 0.001 | 0.7 ± 5.3 | 0.9 ± 5.6 | < 0.001 | ||
0 days | 298,484 (94.8) | 14,170 (90.0) | < 0.001 | 29,253 (94.3) | 14,029 (90.4) | < 0.001 | ||
1–6 days | 9996 (3.2) | 933 (5.9) | 1058 (3.4) | 892 (5.8) | ||||
≥ 7 days | 6540 (2.1) | 648 (4.1) | 713 (2.3) | 591 (3.8) | ||||
Co-morbidity | ||||||||
1 previous year before the index date: outpatient department visits × 3, admission × 1 | ||||||||
RA | 819 (0.3) | 167 (1.1) | < 0.001 | 0.099 | 203 (0.7) | 134 (0.9) | 0.012 | 0.024 |
SS | 459 (0.1) | 355 (2.3) | < 0.001 | 0.195 | 262 (0.8) | 151 (1.0) | 0.162 | 0.014 |
SSc | 24 (0.01) | 8 (0.1) | < 0.001 | 0.025 | 8 (0.03) | 5 (0.03) | 0.695 | 0.004 |
Vasculitis | 33 (0.01) | 17 (0.1) | < 0.001 | 0.040 | 17 (0.1) | 8 (0.1) | 0.888 | 0.001 |
Hypertension | 34,921 (11.1) | 2093 (13.3) | < 0.001 | 0.067 | 4294 (13.8) | 2060 (13.3) | 0.097 | 0.016 |
Diabetes mellitus | 16,681 (5.3) | 1090 (6.9) | < 0.001 | 0.068 | 2205 (7.1) | 1073 (6.9) | 0.450 | 0.007 |
Hyperlipidemia | 13,795 (4.4) | 1402 (8.9) | < 0.001 | 0.182 | 2795 (9.0) | 1369 (8.8) | 0.513 | 0.006 |
Coronary artery disease | 7348 (2.3) | 603 (3.8) | < 0.001 | 0.087 | 1110 (3.6) | 586 (3.8) | 0.278 | 0.011 |
Osteoporosis | 2771 (0.9) | 248 (1.6) | < 0.001 | 0.063 | 418 (1.3) | 241 (1.6) | 0.076 | 0.017 |
Cerebral vascular accident | 4937 (1.6) | 306 (1.9) | < 0.001 | 0.029 | 524 (1.7) | 296 (1.9) | 0.090 | 0.016 |
COPD/asthma | 6898 (2.2) | 541 (3.4) | < 0.001 | 0.075 | 1076 (3.5) | 527 (3.4) | 0.693 | 0.004 |
Chronic kidney disease | 1632 (0.5) | 91 (0.6) | 0.310 | 0.008 | 147 (0.5) | 91 (0.6) | 0.108 | 0.016 |
Chronic liver diseases | 6248 (2.0) | 633 (4.0) | < 0.001 | 0.120 | 1250 (4.0) | 601 (3.9) | 0.421 | 0.008 |
Pancreatitis | 286 (0.1) | 27 (0.2) | 0.001 | 0.022 | 42 (0.1) | 24 (0.2) | 0.601 | 0.005 |
Affective psychosis | 1421 (0.5) | 259 (1.6) | < 0.001 | 0.117 | 508 (1.6) | 239 (1.5) | 0.434 | 0.008 |
Ankylosing spondylitis | 185 (0.1) | 43 (0.3) | < 0.001 | 0.053 | 62 (0.2) | 33 (0.2) | 0.771 | 0.003 |
IBD | 254 (0.1) | 18 (0.1) | 0.151 | 0.011 | 32 (0.1) | 18 (0.1) | 0.689 | 0.004 |
HIV infection | 43 (0.01) | 1 (0.01) | 0.438 | 0.007 | 3 (0.01) | 1 (0.01) | 0.724 | 0.004 |
AIHA | 3 (0.001) | 5 (0.03) | < 0.001 | 0.024 | 1 (0.003) | 1 (0.01) | 0.617 | 0.005 |
ITP | 36 (0.01) | 15 (0.1) | < 0.001 | 0.036 | 19 (0.1) | 9 (0.1) | 0.894 | 0.001 |
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis treatment at baselineb | ||||||||
No drug admiration | 4139 (26.3) | 4115 (26.5) | ||||||
Anti-thyroid medication (carbimazole, propylthiouracil, methimazole)/eltroxin only | 8564 (54.4) | 8538 (55.0) | ||||||
HCQ/corticosteroid+/− anti-thyroid medication/eltroxin | 3048 (19.4) | 2859 (18.4) | ||||||