Fig. 4

IGU inhibits Akt-mTORC1-STAT3 signaling by targeting PDK1. A Western blot analysis of Akt, mTORC1, and STAT3 in IGU-treated (n = 4) and untreated (n = 4) naïve CD4⁺ T cells incubated under Tfh condition for 0, 12, or 24 h. B Real-time qPCR analysis of Tfh-related transcription factors in IGU-treated (n = 4) and untreated (n = 4) Tfh cells. Flowcytometry analysis of C CD4⁺CXCR5⁺, D CD4⁺CXCR5⁺PD-1⁺, and E CD4⁺CXCR5⁺ICOS⁺ Tfh cells differentiated from DMSO-, IGU-, or IGU and SC-79-treated pSS naive CD4⁺ T cells (n = 4) under Tfh condition for 5 days. Data were presented as mean ± SD. Data were obtained from 2 independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by paired Student’s t-test or ANOVA