Table 2 Effect of treatment on renal parameters and metabolic syndrome components in the per-protocol set

Urine pH, median (IQR)

 Sodium bicarbonate

5.56 (5.32–5.77)

5.76 (5.43–6.35)

5.80 (5.46–6.10)

5.82 (5.47–6.40)

 Citrate mixture

5.42 (5.25–5.88)

6.04 (5.54–6.49)

5.89 (5.51–6.38)

6.02 (5.67–6.65)

 TaCCi mixture

5.51 (5.34–5.72)

5.79 (5.46–6.25)

5.74 (5.50–6.32)

5.88 (5.55–6.28)

Serum urate, mean ± S.D, μmol/L

 Sodium bicarbonate

538 ± 68.3

380 ± 71.9*

358 ± 61.5*

370 ± 82.3*

 Citrate mixture

533 ± 59.3

371 ± 67.1*

350 ± 56.4*

360 ± 64.6*

 TaCCi mixture

524 ± 68.1

369 ± 68.7*

357 ± 60.2*

360 ± 59.0*

Serum urate < 360 μmol/L, patients (%)

 Sodium bicarbonate

-

37 (43.0%)

45 (52.3%)

46 (53.5%)

 Citrate mixture

-

39 (45.4%)

53 (61.6%)

49 (57.0%)

 TaCCi mixture

-

40 (48.8%)

45 (54.9%)

45 (54.9%)

Serum urate < 300 μmol/L, patients (%)

 Sodium bicarbonate

 -

6 (7.00%)

12 (14.0%)

14 (16.3%)

 Citrate mixture

 -

10 (11.6%)

10 (11.6%)

13 (15.1%)

 TaCCi mixture

 -

9 (11.0%)

12 (14.6%)

14 (17.1%)

Body mass index, median (IQR), kg/m²

 Sodium bicarbonate

26.8 (24.8–29.0)

27.0 (24.8–28.8)

27.0 (24.5–28.7)

27.2 (24.8–28.9)*

 Citrate mixture

27.2 (25.0–28.9)

27.2 (25.3–28.9)

27.3 (25.0–28.9)

27.3 (25.1–28.9)

 TaCCi mixture

27.4 (25.3–29.1)

27.3 (25.4–29.2)

27.4 (25.6–29.0)

27.4 (25.5–29.1)

Systolic blood pressure, median (IQR), mmHg

 Sodium bicarbonate

135 (124–148)

135 (124–148)

138 (126–149)*

137 (130–151)*

 Citrate mixture

135 (122–144)

137 (124–145)

137 (126–147)

139 (128–147)

 TaCCi mixture

136 (128–149)

137 (126–147)

136 (127–145)

133 (123–145)*

Diastolic blood pressure, mean ± S.D, mmHg

 Sodium bicarbonate

86.8 ± 10.9

88.4 ± 10.2

89.2 ± 10.1

88.9 ± 10.3

 Citrate mixture

87.9 ± 10.8

88.1 ± 10.6

88.0 ± 10.5

87.6 ± 10.4

 TaCCi mixture

89.1 ± 11.2

87.2 ± 11.2

87.7 ± 10.4

85.9 ± 10.5*

Fasting blood glucose, median (IQR), mmol/L

 Sodium bicarbonate

5.83 (5.61–6.30)

5.65 (5.32–6.19)

5.69 (5.43–6.07)*

5.86 (5.49–6.23)

 Citrate mixture

5.89 (5.53–6.39)

5.79 (5.39–6.25)*

5.63 (5.42–6.07)*

5.84 (5.44–6.20)

 TaCCi mixture

5.87 (5.57–6.18)

5.69 (5.33–6.01)*

5.63 (5.28–5.97)*

5.67 (5.29–5.90)*

Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, median (IQR)

 Sodium bicarbonate

3.01 (2.36–4.70)

2.68 (1.99–3.97)

2.73 (2.13–3.66)

2.76 (1.83–4.15)

 Citrate mixture

4.19 (2.26–6.21)

3.22 (2.37–5.12)

3.79 (2.57–5.44)

3.26 (2.31–5.33)

 TaCCi mixture

3.48 (2.34–5.57)

3.06 (1.92–4.63)*

2.74 (2.01–4.79)*

3.00 (2.04–5.21)*

Triglyceride, median (IQR), mmol/L

 Sodium bicarbonate

1.62 (1.16–2.81)

1.84 (1.31–2.69)

1.77 (1.30–2.50)

1.60 (1.21–2.50)

 Citrate mixture

1.76 (1.27–2.42)

1.68 (1.17–2.40)

1.61 (1.11–2.27)

1.53 (1.23–2.32)

 TaCCi mixture

1.76 (1.21–2.56)

1.82 (1.23–2.34)

1.97 (1.34–2.61)

1.77 (1.31–2.35)

Total cholesterol, median (IQR), mmol/L

 Sodium bicarbonate

5.23 (4.73–5.81)

5.34 (4.57–5.75)

5.21 (4.66–5.85)

5.28 (4.72–5.99)

 Citrate mixture

5.07 (4.37–5.73)

4.86 (4.38–5.67)

4.96 (4.27–5.72)

5.00 (4.29–5.80)

 TaCCi mixture

5.24 (4.71–5.94)

5.24 (4.56–5.84)

5.17 (4.59–5.81)

5.14 (4.37–5.63)*

Blood urea nitrogen, median (IQR), mmol/L

 Sodium bicarbonate

4.95 (4.28–5.90)

5.00 (4.30–6.00)

5.10 (4.50–5.80)

5.10 (4.20–5.90)

 Citrate mixture

4.75 (4.18–5.90)

5.25 (4.60–6.28)

5.70 (4.60–6.25)*

5.40 (4.58–6.23)

 TaCCi mixture

5.00 (4.30–5.90)

5.00 (4.45–5.90)

5.30 (4.63–5.90)

5.00 (4.30–6.00)

Serum creatinine, median (IQR), μmoI/L

 Sodium bicarbonate

81.5 (73.8–92.3)

82.0 (75.8–95.0)

81.0 (74.0–91.0)

83.5 (77.0–92.3)

 Citrate mixture

84.0 (76.0–90.0)

85.0 (76.0–92.0)

83.0 (75.0–93.0)

85.5 (79.0–93.3)

 TaCCi mixture

84.0 (78.0–93.0)

82.0 (76.0–93.0)

81.0 (73.3–89.8)*

84.0 (77.0–91.0)

Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mean ± S.D, mL/min/1.73 m²

 Sodium bicarbonate

94.6 ± 16.7

94.3 ± 18.2

95.0 ± 17.1

92.7 ± 17.0

 Citrate mixture

93.5 ± 16.1

93.0 ± 15.8

94.5 ± 16.9

90.8 ± 16.1

 TaCCi mixture

91.5 ± 15.2

93.1 ± 16.4

97.1 ± 17.1*

92.4 ± 15.0

C-reactive protein, median (IQR), mg/L

 Sodium bicarbonate

3.30 (2.40–4.50)

 -

 -

3.30 (2.40–5.90)

 Citrate mixture

3.60 (2.65–4.15)

 -

 -

3.25 (2.90–4.53)

 TaCCi mixture

3.50 (2.40–4.20)

 -

 -

2.00 (2.00–2.80)**^##††

Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio, median (IQR), mg/g

 Sodium bicarbonate

3.01 (0.56–11.2)

-

-

1.72 (0.73–7.08)

 Citrate mixture

3.29 (0.44–10.3)

-

-

1.17 (0.71–4.14)**^#

 TaCCi mixture

7.42 (0.72–11.9)

-

-

0.89 (0.40–1.82)**^##†

Patients with hemoglobinuria (n (%))

 Sodium bicarbonate

3 (3.49%)

2 (2.33%)

1 (1.16%)

1 (1.16%)

 Citrate mixture

4 (4.65%)

3 (3.49%)

2 (2.33%)

3 (3.49%)

 TaCCi mixture

3 (3.66%)

2 (2.44%)

1 (1.22%)

1 (1.22%)