Table 1 Characteristics of the individual studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis

Usova et al. 2022 [39]

Russia

N = 98, 100% women, median age 63.0 [59.3;69.8] years

Cohort

-

Symptomatic knee

Fractures

-

Iijima et al. 2021 [25]

Japan

N = 291, 78.7% women, ≥ 60 years

Cross-sectional

-

Radiographic knee

Single fall, Recurrent falls

Age, sex, BMI

Jacob et al. 2021 [37]

UK

N = 258,696,60.1% women, (63.7 ± 14.0) years

Cohort

10 years

Symptomatic knee Symptomatic hip

Fractures

Age, sex, index year, diabetes, dementia, and corticosteroid use

Soh et al. 2020 [16]

US

N = 4796,58.5% women, ≥ 45 years

Cohort

8 years

Symptomatic knee^b

Symptomatic hip^b

Falls, Fractures

Age, gender, previous history of falls, depression, living situation, extensor strength, mobility limitations, difficulties with sport and recreation

Van Schoor et al. 2020 [10]

Europe

N = 2535, 65–85 years

Cohort

1 year

Symptomatic knee^b

Symptomatic hip^b

Falls, Recurrent falls

Age, sex, country, education, BMI, alcohol use, number of chronic diseases

Barbour et al. 2018 [40]

US

N = 734, 33.2% women, 70–79 years

Cohort

6.5 years

Radiographic knee

Symptomatic knee

Falls

Age, sex, race, education, BMI, physical activity, smoking, health status, history of falls, diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction, medications

Bergink et al. 2018 [41]

Netherlands

N = 3005, 55.8% women, 65.3 ± 6.5 years

Cohort

8.4 years

Radiographic knee

Radiographic hip

Fractures

Age, sex, BMI, femoral neck BMD, use of walking aid, lower limb disability, fall tendency

Dore et al. 2015 [13]

US

N = 1619, 67.3% women, ≥ 45 years

Cohort

3–10 years

Symptomatic knee^b

Symptomatic hip^b

Falls

Age, BMI, sex, race, history of falls

Rouzi et al. 2015 [9]

Saudi Arabia

N = 707, 100% women, 61.33 ± 7.19 years

Cohort

5.2 years

Radiographic knee

Single fall, Recurrent falls

Age, BMI, knee pain, lower back pain, vitamin D status

Yamamoto et al. 2015 [19]

Sweden

N = 74,598 52% women, ≥ 45 years

Cohort

4 years

Symptomatic knee^b

Symptomatic hip^b

Fractures

-

Muraki et al. 2013 [44]

Japan

N = 2215, 66.4% women, mean70.6 years

Cohort

3 years

Radiographic knee

Falls,

Age, BMI

Castaño-Betancourt et al. 2013 [15]

Netherlands

N = 5006, 56.7% women, ≥ 55 years

Cohort

9.6 years

Radiographic hip

Osteoporotic fractures

Age, sex, height, weight, BMD

Franklin et al. 2011 [18]

Iceland

N = 2953, 57% women, ≥ 35 years

Cohort

11–28 years

Radiographic hip

Fractures

Age, sex

Vestergaard et al. 2009 [38]

Denmark

N = 498,617,51.8% women (43.44 ± 27.39) years

case–control

-

Symptomatic knee

Symptomatic hip

Fractures

Prior fracture, alcoholism, Charlson index, use of corticosteroids, use of drugs against epilepsy, use of diuretics, income, living alone or not, working status, use of strong analgesics, use of weak analgesics, number of bed days and number of contacts to general practitioner or specialist

Arden et al. 1999 [17]

US

N = 5552, 100% women, 71.4 ± 5.1 years

Cohort

7.4 years

Radiographic hip

Symptomatic hip^b

Recurrent falls, Osteoporotic fractures

Age, knee height, weight at age 50, clinical centers

Arden et al. 1996 [14]

UK

N = 939, 100% women, ≥ 45 years

Case–control

-

Radiographic knee

Radiographic hip

Osteoporotic fractures

Age, weight, oral contraceptive pill usage, hormone replacement therapy usage, menopausal status, menopause duration, smoking and alcohol use, BMD, sex hormones

Cumming et al. 1993 [43]

Australia

N = 416, 35.8% women, ≥ 65 years

Case–control

-

Symptomatic knee^b

Symptomatic hip^b

Fractures

Age, sex, BMI, current physical activity, and occupational physical activity at age 50 years