Fig. 3

Alterations in the structural composition and diversity of the intestinal bacterial community. A Stacked bar graph showed the community composition at the phylum level among control, NORA, and CRA. B Bar plots displayed the relative abundance expression of P_Proteobacteria in three groups, indicating a significant difference in abundance between new-onset RA and control. C, D The bar graphs showed the relative abundance of f_Enterobacteriaceae and f_Bifidobacteriaceae among the three groups, respectively. E PCoA revealed differential community structure between NORA and control in the beta diversity analysis. Adonis between-group difference test using Bray–Curtis distance algorithm, analyzed by number of 999 substitutions. F–H Using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, we identified 26 differential genera between NORA and control, 17 differential genera between CRA and control, and 7 differential genera between NORA and CRA. Values represented mean and standard error. Control (n = 30), NORA (n = 14), CRA (n = 26)