Fig. 3

Impacts of pExo on signaling pathways. A In vitro study scheme. B Activation of CREB and ERK1/2 by 100 ng/ml PDGF, FGF, and HGF or 100 µg/ml pExo (N = 3 donors) was measured and quantified by their phosphorylation levels. Data is presented as mean ± 95% CI (t-test, vs basal medium condition, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.005, ****P < 0.0001). C WST-1 assay of chondrocytes treated with 10% FBS, cell growth-related signaling pathway inhibitor PP1 or U-73122, or pExo (N = 3 donors) with indicated concentrations. Data is presented as mean ± 95% CI (t-test, ***P < 0.005, ****P < 0.0001)