Fig. 3

NOD2 exerts inhibitory effect on HMGB1 induced macrophage activation. A Decreased mRNA level of NOD2 by siRNA targeting NOD2 (si-NOD2) and TAK-242. B, C Suppressed mRNA and protein level of TNF-αby TAK-242, while increased by si-NOD2. D Inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK pathway by TAK-242 but activation by si-NOD2. E, F Lower TNF-α expression by lentivirus-mediated NOD2 overexpression (oe-NOD2). G, H Weakened TNF-α production and p65 translocation in the oe-NOD2 group. I Dampened activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathway in macrophages overexpressing NOD2. J Impaired M1 polarization of macrophages in the oe-NOD2 group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. Data were presented as mean ± s.e.m. values. n = 3 biologically independent replicates for in vitro experiments. Student’s t test or one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s test for PCR