Fig. 5

The effects of A. sessiliflorus Harms extract on pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediator-induced anabolic or catabolic expression in primary culture articular chondrocytes. Primary cultured articular chondrocytes were exposed to (a) IL-1β (0–1 ng/mL), (b) TNF-α (0-10 ng/mL), (c) and LPS (0–10 ng/mL) for 24 h. Thereafter, mRNA expression of anabolic or catabolic factors was analyzed. In addition, chondrocytes were exposed to ASH (0–5 µg/mL) in the absence or presence of (d) IL-1β (1 ng/mL), (e) TNF-α (10-ng/mL), and (f) LPS (10 ng/mL) for 24 h, mRNA expression of anabolic or catabolic factors was analyzed, and semi-quantification results are presented in (g, h) and (i). The results are representative of at least six independent experiments. Values are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 vs. IL-1β, TNF-α, or LPS only), as analyzed via one-way ANOVA