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Table 1 Risk factors for low bone mineral density (BMD) in the age-adjusted and sex-adjusted model

From: Rheumatoid arthritis and risk factors for low bone mineral density

Variable

Comparison

Spine, odds ratio (95% confidence interval)

P

Femoral neck, odds ratio (95% confidence interval)

P

Female

Male

1.43 (0.44–4.68)

0.55

1.35 (0.41–4.47)

0.63

Menopause

Premenopause

0.96 (0.51–1.81)

0.92

1.34 (0.72–2.52)

0.49

Ever smoking

Never smoked

0.88 (0.42–1.89)

0.76

1.19 (0.57–2.51)

0.64

Nonvertebral

     

   Fracture

No fracture

0.98 (0.28–3.39)

0.98

1.38 (0.42–4.53)

0.59

   Ever HRT

Never HRT

0.41 (0.15–1.15)

0.09

0.30 (0.14–1.10)

0.08

Disease duration

     

   1–5 years

< 1 year

1.51 (0.55–4.06)

0.42

3.07 (0.91–10.34)

0.07

   5 years

< 1 year

2.54 (1.06–6.05)

0.04

7.46 (2.47–22.48)

0.0001

Corticosteroids

     

   Ever

Never

3.19 (1.56–6.54)

0.001

2.07 (1.06–4.02)

0.03

   < 7.5 mg daily

Never

2.75 (1.28–5.88)

0.009

1.83 (0.89–3.74)

0.09

   7.5 mg daily

Never

4.29 (1.81–10.20)

0.001

2.61 (1.15–5.91)

0.02

   < 5 g cummulative

Never

1.51 (0.56–3.99)

0.42

1.04 (0.41–2.67)

0.93

   5–10 g cummulative

Never

2.61 (0.99–6.88)

0.05

0.95 (0.34–2.63)

0.92

   > 10 g cummulative

Never

5.11 (2.3–11.29

0.0001

4.05 (1.9–8.61)

0.0001

  1. Low BMD, Z score < -1 compared with our normal population. HRT, hormone replacement therapy.