We have previously reported that high levels of antibodies specific for native human type II collagen (anti-CII) at the time of RA diagnosis were associated with concurrent but not later signs of inflammation. This was associated with CII/anti-CII immune complex (IC)-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. In contrast, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) were associated both with late inflammation and late radiological destruction in the same RA cohort. We therefore hypothesized that anti-CII are also associated with early erosions.
Methods
Two-hundred-and-fifty-six patients from an early RA cohort were included. Baseline levels of anti-CII, anti-CCP and anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin were analyzed with ELISA, and rheumatoid factor levels were determined by nephelometry. Radiographs of hands and feet at baseline, after one and after two years were quantified using the 32-joints Larsen erosion score.
Results
Levels of anti-CII were bimodally distributed in the RA cohort, with a small (3.1%, 8/256) group of very high outliers with a median level 87 times higher than the median for the healthy control group. Using a cut-off discriminating the outlier group that was associated with anti-CII IC-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro, baseline anti-CII antibodies were significantly (p = 0.0486) associated with increased radiographic damage at the time of diagnosis. Anti-CII-positive patient had also significantly increased HAQ score (p = 0.0303), CRP (p = 0.0026) and ESR (p = 0.0396) at the time of diagnosis but not during follow-up. The median age among anti-CII-positive subjects was 12 years higher than among the anti-CII-negative patients.
Conclusion
In contrary to anti-CCP, anti-CII-positive patients with RA have increased joint destruction and HAQ score at baseline. Anti-CII thus characterizes an early inflammatory/destructive phenotype, in contrast to the late appearance of an inflammatory/destructive phenotype in anti-CCP positive RA patients. The anti-CII phenotype might account for part of the elderly acute onset RA phenotype with rather good prognosis.
Introduction
A vast majority of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experience pain, functional deterioration, rigidity and work disability due to atrophy and irreversible joint destruction if not treated efficiently and early. Several different autoantibodies such as rheumatoid factor (RF) [1] and antibodies against citrullinated proteins/peptides (ACPAs), like anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) [2, 3] and antibodies against modified citrullinated vimentin (anti-MCV) [4] that have been identified in the serum of patients with RA have a negative prognostic impact on future joint destruction. In earlier studies of a Swedish RA cohort investigated before the systematic introduction of biological agents, we have demonstrated that RF, anti-CCP and anti-MCV detected in serum from patients with RA were associated with late inflammation and late increased rate of radiographic damage [5, 6]. In a recently published study we discovered that high levels of anti-native human collagen type II (anti-CII) antibodies in the same group of patients with RA were, in contrast, associated with laboratory measures of inflammation at disease onset [7], which can be explained by pro-inflammatory cytokine induction driven by surface-bound immune complexes (IC) containing anti-CII [8]. We therefore hypothesized that anti-CII antibodies were also associated with early joint destruction in this group of patients with RA.
To address this question, we performed the present study in which we focused on joint destruction in a prospective early RA cohort (n = 256), utilizing radiological data from multiple occasions, with parallel investigations of RF, anti-CCP, anti-MCV and anti-CII antibody serum levels.
Materials and methods
Patients
In total, 256 patients from a cohort with early RA (< 12 months of disease duration at the time of diagnosis) were included between January 1995 and October 2000. All patients fulfilled the 1987 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for RA [9]. Sera were obtained at the time of diagnosis and thereafter stored at -70°C and used for the various autoantibody analyses on different occasions. All patients had been given informed consent and the study was approved by the ethics committees at Uppsala University and Karolinska Institutet, respectively.
Materials and methods
Results about the prognostic impact of anti-CCP [6], anti-MCV [5] and anti-CII on acute inflammation [7], based on a somewhat different patient selection, have been published previously. The 256 patients included in this present analysis represent individuals for whom complete data for RF, anti-CCP, anti-CII and consecutive radiographs were available. Anti-MCV levels were analyzed at a later time point than the other analyses, when 2 out of 256 baseline serum samples were no longer available.
For the anti-CII ELISA that was performed as previously described [7], Maxisorb ELISA plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) were coated with human native CII (ELISA grade, Chondrex, Redmond, Washington DC, USA, diluted to 2.5 μg/ml in ice-cold PBS immediately prior to coating. Blocking was done with PBS with 1% ELISA grade bovine serum albumin. Serum samples were diluted at 1:100, and antibodies were detected with a F(ab')2 fragmented antibody against human gamma chain that had been pre-adsorbed against bovine proteins (Jackson, Cambridgeshire, UK). Internal controls were investigated together with patient samples on each occasion. The intra-assay coefficient of variation for the internal control close to the cutoff value was 15%.
Radiographs were scored blinded to treatment, in pairs (hands and feet), and in chronological sequence, by an experienced investigator (MCW) using the Larsen method [10]. In each case, 32 joints were scored. The original Larsen score [10] was modified slightly by excluding grade 1 [11], so that the scale became 0 to 4, as described previously [6]. Thus, the maximum possible score was 160. Larsen scores were obtained at baseline, and after one and two years. The change in Larsen score (Δ Larsen score) was calculated by subtracting the baseline score values from the respective annual scores.
Statistical analysis
Non-parametric tests were employed due to the bimodal appearance of anti-CII antibodies. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the comparison of Larsen score between different groups. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. The cutoff value was placed between anti-CII levels supporting or not supporting IC-induced cytokine production in vitro (200 AU/ml) as described previously [7, 8]. As can be seen from Figure 1, this cutoff also delimited a patient group with high discrete outlier values.
Figure 1
Distribution of anti-native human collagen type II (anti-CII) antibodies. A) the distribution of anti-CII antibodies among 100 healthy blood donors is shown; B) the distribution of anti-CII antibodies among 274 patients with RA [7]; radiological data were available for 256 of these patients. The vertical arrow represents the cutoff value separating the majority of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the discrete group with very high anti-CII levels associated with cytokine production in our in vitro immune complex assay [7, 8].
Results
Anti-CII-positive patients with RA had higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) (P = 0.0026) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (P = 0.0396) and displayed a higher health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) score (P = 0.0303) at the time of diagnosis, compared to anti-CII-negative patients. There was also a trend for higher 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28) among anti-CII-positive patients (P = 0.08). The median age at diagnosis was 12 years higher among anti-CII-positive patients (68 vs. 56 years, P < 0.05). Baseline characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The increased measures for CRP, ESR and HAQ scores among anti-CII-positive patients were evident only at the time of diagnosis, and not at any other time point between 3 months to 5 years after diagnosis (data not shown).
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the 256 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Results are presented as medians and percentages (ratios). Differences between anti-native human collagen type II (anti-CII)-negative and anti-CII-positive patients were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test; differences between proportions were analyzed using the Chi square test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. Anti-CCP, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies; Anti-MCV, antibodies against modified citrullinated vimentin; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; DAS28, 28-joint disease activity score; VAS, visual analogue scale; HAQ, health assessment questionnaire; DMARD, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug; NS, not significant.
Comparisons for median Larsen score and changes in median Larsen scores during the first 2 years after diagnosis are presented for the 256 patients with early RA (Table 2). Radiographic scores did not differ between RF-positive and RF-negative patients at any time point. However, analysis of the change in Larsen score revealed increased rates of radiographic damage in RF-positive compared to RF-negative patients between baseline and 2 years (P = 0.0354), and especially between 1 year and 2 years (P = 0.0009) (Table 2). Similar data, but with stronger statistical significance, were also recorded for anti-CCP and anti-MCV antibodies [5, 6].
Table 2
Association between baseline autoantibody status and radiological destruction
Differences in median Larsen score between patients with and without different autoantibodies and changes in median Larsen score are given for 256 patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Anti-MCV data were missing for two patients. ΔLarsen score, difference in Larsen score; RF, rheumatoid factor; Anti-CCP, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies; Anti-MCV, antibodies against modified citrullinated vimentin; Anti-CII, anti-native human collagen type II. *P < 0.05.
Whereas anti-CII levels among 100 healthy controls (the same group as used to define the reference range in [7]) showed a normal distribution (Figure 1A), anti-CII levels were bimodally distributed among the patients with RA (Figure 1B). The outlier group was clearly separated from the remaining patients showing a distribution quite similar to the control group, as there were no patients showing anti-CII levels between 57 AU/mL on one hand and the outlier groups with anti-CII levels between 471 and 3520 AU/mL on the other (Figure 1B). The cutoff point used (> 200 AU/mL) was based on this bimodal distribution and our earlier findings that higher anti-CII levels are associated with the functional effects of anti-CII-containing IC formed in vitro
[7, 8]. High anti-CII levels were significantly (P = 0.0486) associated with increased Larsen score at baseline (Table 2). A sizeable but non-significant difference between the median anti-CII levels was sustained at all investigated time points (Table 2, Figure 2). There were no differences in changes in Larsen scores between patients with and without anti-CII antibodies (Δ Larsen score; Table 2).
Figure 2
Radiological destruction in 256 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at the time of diagnosis, and after one and two years. Patients are divided into those with high levels of anti-native human collagen type II (anti-CII) antibodies (n = 8, arrow in Figure 1B) and those with lower levels (n = 248). Horizontal bars indicate median levels. One patient in the anti-CII group was not investigated at two years.
Discussion
As has been shown earlier, autoantibodies traditionally associated with RA, such as RF [5], anti-CCP [6] and anti-MCV [5], were associated with late increased rates of radiographic destruction in the early RA cohort reported here. In this paper, we have demonstrated that patients with increased levels of anti-CII autoantibodies at the time of diagnosis have more radiographic destructions measured by median Larsen scores at baseline. This is accompanied by a significantly higher HAQ score among anti-CII-positive patients at the time of diagnosis, but not at any later time point.
We can thus distinguish two different phenotypes of patient with RA, viz. a group of patients with antibodies traditionally characterized by late inflammation and late increased radiographic destruction, and another group of patients who are positive for anti-CII antibodies, which is characterized by early inflammation [7] and early radiographic destruction.
The Larsen and the Sharp-van der Heide scoring systems are highly correlated [12, 13], especially when omitting Larsen grade 1 (soft tissue swelling and periarticular osteoporosis), as was advocated by Arvi Larsen in the modified Larsen scoring system [11]. It is therefore plausible that raised anti-CII levels are associated with breakdown of CII. Such an association might occur either due to a direct effect of anti-CII on cartilage as has been claimed by others [14], or indirectly via induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages in the pannus tissue [7, 8].
The anti-CII cutoff used in the present study (200 U/mL) was based on the almost dichotomous distribution of anti-CII antibodies among patients with RA shown in Figure 1B, where anti-CII-positive and -negative subjects were clearly separated. Another argument for the use of this cutoff is that the dichotomous distribution of anti-CII among patients with RA clearly distinguished patients whose anti-CII levels permitted IC-induced cytokine induction from those with autoantibody levels too low to induce IL-1β or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) [8]. All anti-CII-negative patients had levels below 60 AU/mL, whereas the anti-CII-positive patients had levels between 471 and 3,520 AU/mL, thus clearly within the range of cytokine induction by the corresponding surface-bound IC [8].
Another major difference between ACPA and anti-CII concerns the kinetics of appearance. Whereas ACPA and RF levels slowly increase years before diagnosis [15, 16] and thereafter remain rather stable for years [3, 6], anti-CII levels seem to be highest around the time of the beginning of clinical disease. Elevated anti-CII levels do not precede clinical onset of RA [17], and after peaking around the time of diagnosis, levels drop during the first year, according to our own [7] and other [18] investigations. This short window of appearance of anti-CII in early RA, together with our earlier studies linking anti-CII to cytokine-driven inflammation using both functional in vitro experiments [8] as well as clinical follow-up studies [7], imply that the long-term effect of initially raised anti-CII levels might be limited, and that the major impact is around the time of disease onset. Initial appearance of anti-CII might in fact be prognostically advantageous. As initially raised anti-CII levels are associated both with raised CRP and ESR [7] and with augmented joint destruction around the time of diagnosis, and as these differences are no longer evident after one year, patients with RA and an early appearance of anti-CII might erroneously give an impression of a more severe prognosis than is actually the case. The general belief among rheumatologists is that a certain subgroup of patients with acute disease onset eventually have a rather good prognosis and need only rather limited treatment. This has been formally proven, as a recent study showed that both acute onset of RA and short symptom duration before inclusion in the study are associated with drug-free remission [19]. We speculate that at least some of these patients belong to the initially anti-CII-positive RA subgroup. This hypothesis should be investigated in other follow-up cohorts.
In this study, early RA was defined as < 12 months of symtoms before enrolment. Given the fact that anti-CII levels often drop sharply within the first months [7], we cannot rule out that some initially anti-CII-positive patients might have dropped to levels below the cutoff before diagnosis of RA.
The more active onset of destructive joint disease in anti-CII-positive RA patients might also initiate an earlier health care contact by patients after the first apearance of joint symtoms. This was also the case in our earlier larger study, where anti-CII-positive patients had a significantly shorter duration of joint symtoms before diagnosis of RA [7]. Acute onset RA is common among older individuals [20], and the median age among our anti-CII-positive patients was 12 years higher than among anti-CII-negative patients (Table 1).
One earlier study has also implicated an association between anti-CII and simultaneously occurring inflammation in RA. In the study by Kim et al [21], patients with anti-CII had, like our patients [7], higher levels of CRP and ESR than antibody-negative patients with RA, and also had higher levels of TNF and IL-6. We presume that both these cytokines have been produced by macrophages stimulated with anti-CII-containing IC. In our studies we have shown that anti-CII containing IC induces the production of TNF, IL-1β and IL8 from monocytes/macrophages [7, 8]. In these experiments we chose not to study IL-6, due obscuring of the in vitro signal by high basal IL-6 production. In other systems we have, however, found patient-derived IC to induce IL-6 in our in vitro models [22–24]. In contrast to our present investigation, the study by Kim et al could not show increased radiologic progression among anti-CII-positive patients with RA, a finding that can be explained by the fact that the patients had long-standing disease with a mean duration of 75.8 months [21]. In our study the significant difference in Larsen score between anti-CII-positive and -negative patients was only evident at the time of diagnosis, and was no longer visible after one year. Even if our patients were all included within 12 months of first symtoms, the mean interval between the first symtoms and diagnosis of RA was 5.8 months [7]. It is therefore possible that we would have found bigger differences between the groups if patients with shorter duration of joint symtoms had been included.
In conclusion, anti-CII antibodies are associated with early radiological destruction at the time of diagnosis, while autoantibodies traditionally associated with RA, such as RF, anti-CCP and anti-MCV are later associated with increased rates of radiographic destruction. This finding is in agreement with our earlier discovery that the same groups of antibodies are inversely associated with early [7] and late [5, 6] signs of inflammation in the same patient cohort. It is intriguing to note that the phenotypically opposite ACPA and anti-CII phenotypes, at least in this patient cohort, are also statistically inversely related (P = 0.04) as previously described [7]. We speculate that CII antibodies might stimulate macrophages and fibroblasts within the synovium to produce the metalloproteinases that are responsible for being the first enzymes to cleave the interstitial collagens, resulting in bone and cartilage destruction. We are currently performing studies to address this issue.
Conclusions
The occurrence of high levels of anti-CII antibodies characterizes a small group of patients with RA who have an elevated degree of joint destruction and elevated HAQ score at the time of diagnosis. Anti-CII characterizes an early inflammatory/destructive RA phenotype, in contrast to the late inflammatory/destructive phenotype that is associated with ACPA.
Abbreviations
ACPA:
antibodies against citrullinated proteins/peptides
anti-CII:
anti-native human collagen type II antibodies
anti-CCP:
anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies
anti-MCV:
antibodies against modified citrullinated vimentin
CRP:
C-reactive protein
DAS28:
28-joint disease activity score
DMARD:
disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug
ESR:
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
HAQ:
health assessment questionnaire: IC: immune complex
PBS:
phosphate buffer saline: RA: rheumatoid arthritis
RF:
rheumatoid factor
TNF:
tumor necrosis factor.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
Financial support was obtained from the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Rheumatism Associaton and King Gustav Vth 80-year foundation.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Clinical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5, Uppsala University
(2)
Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet
(3)
Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University
References
Valdimarsson H, Jonsson T: Predictive value of rheumatoid factor isotypes for radiological progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1996, 25: 189-190. 10.3109/03009749609080015.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Kroot EJ, de Jong BA, van Leeuwen MA, Swinkels H, van den Hoogen FH, van't Hof M, van de Putte LB, van Rijswijk MH, van Venrooij WJ, van Riel PL: The prognostic value of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 1831-1835. 10.1002/1529-0131(200008)43:8<1831::AID-ANR19>3.0.CO;2-6.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Kastbom A, Strandberg G, Lindroos A, Skogh T: Anti-CCP antibody test predicts the disease course during 3 years in early rheumatoid arthritis (the Swedish TIRA project). Ann Rheum Dis. 2004, 63: 1085-1089. 10.1136/ard.2003.016808.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Bang H, Egerer K, Gauliard A, Luthke K, Rudolph PE, Fredenhagen G, Berg W, Feist E, Burmester GR: Mutation and citrullination modifies vimentin to a novel autoantigen for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2503-2511. 10.1002/art.22817.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Mathsson L, Mullazehi M, Wick MC, Sjöberg O, van Vollenhoven R, Klareskog L, Rönnelid J: Antibodies against citrullinated vimentin in rheumatoid arthritis: higher sensitivity and extended prognostic value concerning future radiological progression as compared to antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP). Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 36-45. 10.1002/art.23188.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Rönnelid J, Wick MC, Lampa J, Lindblad S, Nordmark B, Klareskog L, van Vollenhoven R: Longitudinal analysis of anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (anti-CP) during 5 year follow-up in early rheumatoid arthritis: anti-CP status is a stable phenotype that predicts worse disease activity and greater radiological progression. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 1744-1749. 10.1136/ard.2004.033571.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Mullazehi M, Mathsson L, Lampa J, Rönnelid J: High anti-collagen type II antibody levels and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by anti-collagen antibody containing immune complexes in vitro characterize a distinct RA phenotype associated with acute inflammation at the time of disease onset. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007, 66: 537-541.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Mullazehi M, Mathsson L, Lampa J, Rönnelid J: Surface-bound anti-type II collagen containing immune complexes induce production of TNF-a, IL-1ß and IL-8 from peripheral blood monocytes via FcgRIIa. A potential patho-physiological mechanism for humoral anti-collagen type II immunity in RA. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 1759-1771. 10.1002/art.21892.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, McShane DJ, Fries JF, Cooper NS, Healey LA, Kaplan SR, Liang MH, Luthra HS, et al: The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1988, 31: 315-324. 10.1002/art.1780310302.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Larsen A, Dale K, Eek M: Radiographic evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions by standard reference films. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1977, 18: 481-491.Google Scholar
Larsen A: How to apply Larsen score in evaluating radiographs of rheumatoid arthritis in long-term studies. J Rheumatol. 1995, 22: 1974-1975.PubMedGoogle Scholar
van der Heijde D, Boers M, Lassere M: Methodological issues in radiographic scoring methods in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1999, 26: 726-730.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Scott DL, Pugner K, Kaarela K, Doyle DV, Woolf A, Holmes J, Hieke K: The links between joint damage and disability in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000, 39: 122-132. 10.1093/rheumatology/39.2.122.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Nandakumar KS, Bajtner E, Hill L, Bohm B, Rowley MJ, Burkhardt H, Holmdahl R: Arthritogenic antibodies specific for a major type II collagen triple-helical epitope bind and destabilize cartilage independent of inflammation. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 184-196. 10.1002/art.23049.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, de Jong BA, Berglin E, Hallmans G, Wadell G, Stenlund H, Sundin U, van Venrooij WJ: Antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide and IgA rheumatoid factor predict the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 2741-2749. 10.1002/art.11223.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Kokkonen H, Mullazehi M, Berglin E, Hallmans G, Wadell G, Rönnelid J, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S: Antibodies of IgG, IgA and IgM isotypes against cyclic citrullinated peptide precede the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011, 13: R13-10.1186/ar3237.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Möttönen T, Hannonen P, Oka M, Rautiainen J, Jokinen I, Arvilommi H, Palosuo T, Aho K: Antibodies against native type II collagen do not precede the clinical onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1988, 31: 776-779. 10.1002/art.1780310612.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Pereira RS, Black CM, Duance VC, Jones VE, Jacoby RK, Welsh KI: Disappearing collagen antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 1985, 2: 501-502.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
van der Woude D, Young A, Jayakumar K, Mertens BJ, Toes RE, van der Heijde D, Huizinga TW, van der Helm-van Mil AH: Prevalence of and predictive factors for sustained disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-free remission in rheumatoid arthritis: results from two large early arthritis cohorts. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 60: 2262-2271. 10.1002/art.24661.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Bhagat S, Ostor AJ: Diagnosing joint pain in the older people. Practitioner. 2010, 254: 17-21. 12PubMedGoogle Scholar
Kim WU, Yoo WH, Park W, Kang YM, Kim SI, Park JH, Lee SS, Joo YS, Min JK, Hong YS, Lee SH, Park SH, Cho CS, Kim HY: IgG antibodies to type II collagen reflect inflammatory activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2000, 27: 575-581.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Mathsson L, Åhlin E, Sjöwall C, Skogh T, Rönnelid J: Cytokine induction by circulating immune complexes and signs of in-vivo complement activation in systemic lupus erythematosus are associated with the occurrence of anti-Sjogren's syndrome A antibodies. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007, 147: 513-520. 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03313.x.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Mathsson L, Lampa J, Mullazehi M, Rönnelid J: Immune complexes from rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid induce FcgammaRIIa dependent and rheumatoid factor correlated production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R64-10.1186/ar1926.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Rönnelid J, Tejde A, Mathsson L, Nilsson-Ekdahl K, Nilsson B: Immune complexes from SLE sera induce IL10 production from normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells by an FcgammaRII dependent mechanism: implications for a possible vicious cycle maintaining B cell hyperactivity in SLE. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003, 62: 37-42. 10.1136/ard.62.1.37.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
