Fleming JN, Schwartz SM: The pathology of scleroderma vascular disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2008, 34: 41-55. 10.1016/j.rdc.2008.01.001. vi
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cheng KS, Tiwari A, Boutin A, Denton CP, Black CM, Morris R, Hamilton G, Seifalian AM: Carotid and femoral arterial wall mechanics in scleroderma. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003, 42: 1299-1305. 10.1093/rheumatology/keg371.
Article
Google Scholar
Cheng KS, Tiwari A, Boutin A, Denton CP, Black CM, Morris R, Seifalian AM, Hamilton G: Differentiation of primary and secondary Raynaud's disease by carotid arterial stiffness. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003, 25: 336-341. 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1845.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sfikakis PP, Papamichael C, Stamatelopoulos KS, Tousoulis D, Fragiadaki KG, Katsichti P, Stefanadis C, Mavrikakis M: Improvement of vascular endothelial function using the oral endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 1985-1993. 10.1002/art.22634.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moyssakis I, Gialafos E, Vassiliou V, Taktikou E, Katsiari C, Papadopoulos DP, Sfikakis PP: Aortic stiffness in systemic sclerosis is increased independently of the extent of skin involvement. Rheumatology. 2005, 44: 251-254. 10.1093/rheumatology/keh478.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Timár O, Soltész P, Szamosi S, Dér H, Szántó S, Szekanecz Z, Szücs G: Increased arterial stiffness as the marker of vascular involvement in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 2008, 35: 1329-1333.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Akram MR, Handler CE, Williams M, Carulli M, Andron M, Black CM, Denton CP, Coghlan JG: Angiographically proven coronary artery disease in scleroderma. Rheumatology. 2006, 45: 1395-1398. 10.1093/rheumatology/kel120.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grainger D, Kemp PR, Metcalfe JC, Liu AC, Lawn RM, Williams NR, Grace AA, Schofield PM, Chauhan A: The serum concentration of active transforming growth factor-beta is severely depressed in advanced atherosclerosis. Nature Medicine. 1995, 1: 74-79. 10.1038/nm0195-74.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leask A: Scar wars: is TGFβ the phantom menace in scleroderma?. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: 213-219. 10.1186/ar1976.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Neptune ER, Frischmeyer PA, Arking DE, Myers L, Bunton TE, Gayraud B, Ramirez F, Sakai LY, Dietz HC: Dysregulation of TGF-beta activation contributes to pathogenesis in Marfan syndrome. Nat Genet. 2003, 33: 407-411. 10.1038/ng1116.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Loeys BL, Chen J, Neptune ER, Judge DP, Podowski M, Holm T, Meyers J, Leitch CC, Katsanis N, Sharifi N, Lauren Xu F, Myers LA, Spevak PJ, Cameron DE, De Backer J, Hellemans J, Chen Y, Davis EC, Webb CL, Kress W, Coucke P, Rifkin DB, De Paepe AM, Dietz HC: A syndrome of altered cardiovascular, craniofacial, neurocognitive and skeletal development caused by mutations in TGFBR1 or TGFBR2. Nat Genet. 2005, 37: 275-281. 10.1038/ng1511.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Denton CP, Lindahl GE, Khan K, Shiwen X, Ong VH, Gaspar NJ, Lazaridis K, Edwards DR, Leask A, Eastwood M, Leoni P, Renzoni EA, Bou Gharios G, Abraham DJ, Black CM: Activation of key profibrotic mechanisms in transgenic fibroblasts expressing kinase-deficient type II TGFbeta receptor. J Biol Chem. 2005, 280: 16053-16065. 10.1074/jbc.M413134200.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Antoniv TT, De Val S, Wells D, Denton CP, Rabe C, de Crombrugghe B, Ramirez F, Bou-Gharios G: Characterization of an evolutionarily conserved far-upstream enhancer in the human alpha 2(I) collagen (COL1A2) gene. J Biol Chem. 2001, 276: 21754-21764. 10.1074/jbc.M101397200.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Denton CP, Zheng B, Shiwen X, Zhang Z, Bou-Gharios G, Eberspaecher H, Black CM, de Crombrugghe B: Activation of a fibroblast-specific enhancer of the proalpha2(I) collagen gene in tight-skin mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 712-722. 10.1002/1529-0131(200103)44:3<712::AID-ANR121>3.0.CO;2-1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Denton CP, Zheng B, Evans LA, Shi-wen X, Ong VH, Fisher I, Lazaridis K, Abraham DJ, Black CM, de Crombrugghe B: Fibroblast-specific expression of a kinase-deficient type II transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) receptor leads to paradoxical activation of TGFbeta signaling pathways with fibrosis in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278: 25109-25119. 10.1074/jbc.M300636200.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Denton CP, Khan K, Hoyles RK, Shiwen X, Leoni P, Chen Y, Eastwood M, David JA: Inducible lineage-specific deletion of Tβ RII in fibroblasts defines a pivotal regulatory role during adult skin wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 2009, 129: 194-204. 10.1038/jid.2008.171.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rong JX, Shapiro M, Trogan E, Fisher EA: Transdifferentiation of mouse aortic smooth muscle cells to a macrophage-like state after cholesterol loading. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100: 13531-13536. 10.1073/pnas.1735526100.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vandesompele J, De Preter K, Pattyn F, Poppe B, Van Roy N, De Paepe A, Speleman F: Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol. 2002, 3: RESEARCH0034-. 10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-research0034.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hoyles RK, Khan K, Shiwen X, Howat SL, Lindahl GE, Leoni P, du Bois RM, Wells AU, Black CM, Abraham DJ, Denton CP: Fibroblast-specific perturbation of transforming growth factor beta signalling provides insight into potential pathogenic mechanisms of scleroderma-associated lung fibrosis: exaggerated response to alveolar epithelial injury in a novel mouse model. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 1175-1188. 10.1002/art.23379.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Machado FS, Desruisseaux Nagajyothi MS, Kennan RP, Hetherington HP, Wittner M, Weiss LM, Lee SC, Scherer PE, Tsuji M, Tanowitz HB: Endothelin in a murine model of cerebral malaria. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2006, 231: 1176-1181.
CAS
Google Scholar
Shi-Wen X, Chen Y, Denton CP, Eastwood M, Renzoni EA, Bou-Gharios G, Pearson JD, Dashwood M, du Bois RM, Black CM, Leask A, Abraham DJ: Endothelin-1 promotes myofibroblast induction through the ETA receptor via a rac/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt-dependent pathway and is essential for the enhanced contractile phenotype of fibrotic fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell. 2004, 15: 2707-2719. 10.1091/mbc.E03-12-0902.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shi-wen X, Kennedy L, Renzoni EA, Bou-Gharios G, du Bois RM, Black CM, Denton CP, Abraham DJ, Leask A: Endothelin is a downstream mediator of profibrotic responses to transforming growth factor β in human lung fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 4189-4194. 10.1002/art.23134.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Loop van der FT, Schaart G, Timmer ED, Ramaekers FC, van Eys GJ: Smoothelin, a novel cytoskeletal protein specific for smooth muscle cells. J Cell Biol. 1996, 134: 401-411. 10.1083/jcb.134.2.401.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Davenport AP, O'Reilly G, Kuc RE: Endothelin ETA and ETB mRNA and receptors expressed by smooth muscle in the human vasculature: majority of the ETA sub-type. Br J Pharmacol. 1995, 114: 1110-1116.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Abraham DJ, Vancheeswaran R, Dashwood MR, Rajkumar VS, Pantelides P, Xu SW, du Bois RM, Black CM: Increased levels of endothelin-1 and differential endothelin type A and B receptor expression in scleroderma-associated fibrotic lung disease. Am J Pathol. 1997, 151: 831-841.
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Horstmeyer A, Licht C, Scherr G, Eckes B, Krieg T: Signalling and regulation of collagen I synthesis by ET-1 and TGF-beta1. FEBS J. 2005, 272: 6297-6309. 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.05016.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Razani B, Engelman JA, Wang XB, Schubert W, Zhang XL, Marks CB, Macaluso F, Russell RG, Li M, Pestell RG, Di Vizio D, Hou H, Kneitz B, Lagaud G, Christ GJ, Edelmann W, Lisanti MP: Caveolin-1 null mice are viable but show evidence of hyperproliferative and vascular abnormalities. J Biol Chem. 2001, 276: 38121-38138. 10.1074/jbc.M008340200.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wunderlich C, Schober K, Schmeisser A, Heerwagen C, Tausche AK, Steinbronn N, Brandt A, Kasper M, Schwencke C, Braun-Dullaeus RC, Strasser RH: The adverse cardiopulmonary phenotype of caveolin-1 deficient mice is mediated by a dysfunctional endothelium. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2008, 44: 938-947. 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.02.275.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sonnylal S, Denton CP, Zheng B, Keene DR, He R, Adams HP, Vanpelt CS, Geng YJ, Deng JM, Behringer RR, de Crombrugghe B: Postnatal induction of transforming growth factor beta signaling in fibroblasts of mice recapitulates clinical, histologic, and biochemical features of scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 334-344. 10.1002/art.22328.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Akita M, Lee SH, Kaneko K: Electron microscopic observations of elastic fibres in the lung and aorta of tight-skin and beta-aminopropionitrile-fed mice. Histol Histopathol. 1992, 7: 39-45.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marie I, Bény JL: Endothelial dysfunction in murine model of systemic sclerosis: tight-skin mice 1. J Invest Dermatol. 2002, 119: 1379-1387. 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19614.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Youssef P, Brama T, Englert H, Bertouch J: Limited scleroderma is associated with increased prevalence of macrovascular disease. J Rheumatol. 1995, 22: 469-472.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ho ML, Veale D, Eastmond C, Nuki G, Belch J: Macrovascular disease and systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000, 59: 39-43. 10.1136/ard.59.1.39.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chung AWY, Yang HHC, Yeung KA, van Breemen C: Mechanical and pharmacological approaches to investigate the pathogenesis of Marfan syndrome in the abdominal aorta. J Vasc Res. 2008, 45: 314-322. 10.1159/000113603.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bézie Y, Lacolley P, Laurent S, Gabella G: Connection of smooth muscle cells to elastic lamellae in aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 1998, 32: 166-169.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Coghlan JG, Mukerjee D: The heart and pulmonary vasculature in scleroderma: clinical features and pathobiology. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2001, 13: 495-499. 10.1097/00002281-200111000-00008.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Widmer CC, Mundy AL, Kretz M, Barton M: Marked heterogeneity of endothelin-mediated contractility and contraction dynamics in mouse renal and femoral arteries. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2006, 231: 777-781.
CAS
Google Scholar