Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Impairment of glyoxalase-1, an advanced glycation end-product detoxifying enzyme, induced by inflammation in age-related osteoarthritis

Arthritis Research & Therapy volume 21, Article number: 18 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) is involved in age-related osteoarthritis (OA). Glyoxalase (Glo)-1 is the main enzyme involved in the removal of AGE precursors, especially carboxymethyl-lysine (CML). We aimed to investigate the expression of several AGEs and Glo-1 in human OA cartilage and to study chondrocytic Glo-1 regulation by inflammation, mediated by interleukin (IL)-1β.

Methods

Ex vivo, we quantified AGEs (pentosidine, CML, methylglyoxal-hydroimidazolone-1) in knee cartilage from 30 OA patients. Explants were also incubated with and without IL-1β, and we assessed Glo-1 protein expression and enzymatic activity. In vitro, primary cultured murine chondrocytes were stimulated with increasing concentrations of IL-1β to assess Glo-1 enzymatic activity and expression. To investigate the role of oxidative stress in the IL-1β effect, cells were also treated with inhibitors of mitochondrial oxidative stress or nitric oxide synthase.

Results

Ex vivo, only the human cartilage CML content was correlated with patient age (r = 0.78, p = 0.0031). No statistically significant correlation was found between Glo-1 protein expression and enzymatic activity in human cartilage and patient age. We observed that cartilage explant stimulation with IL-1β decreased Glo-1 protein expression and enzymatic activity. In vitro, we observed a dose-dependent decrease in Glo-1 mRNA, protein quantity, and enzymatic activity in response to IL-1β in murine chondrocytes. Inhibitors of oxidative stress blunted this downregulation.

Conclusion

Glo-1 is impaired by inflammation mediated by IL-1β in chondrocytes through oxidative stress pathways and may explain age-dependent accumulation of the AGE CML in OA cartilage.

Background

Osteoarthritis (OA) is no longer considered a unique disease [1], and we currently divide OA into several phenotypes based on the main risk factors involved. Likewise, we designate OA as post-traumatic OA, age-related OA, and metabolic syndrome (MetS)-associated OA [2]. These phenotypes may display specific pathophysiological pathways and require specific treatments.

Although MetS-associated OA has been extensively investigated [3], the mechanisms linking age and OA pathogenesis are still not completely understood. Cellular senescence and extracellular matrix alterations are known to be involved in the age-related OA phenotype [4, 5], but the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and other post-translational-modified proteins [6] is also one of the key features of the OA cartilage due to aging or metabolic processes; however, AGE accumulation has been poorly studied in the context of OA [7]. These products are formed by successive nonenzymatic reactions between a sugar and a protein, an amino acid, or a lipid [8]. Several types of AGE are generated by these reactions. Quantitatively, the main AGEs are hydro-imidazolones, such as methylglyoxal-hydroimidazolone-1 (MG-H1), but Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), Nε-carboxyethyl-lysine (CEL), and pentosidine have also been reported [8]. AGE formation increases in some pathological conditions, such as diabetes mellitus [9]. Importantly, AGE formation is irreversible, leading to tissue accumulation and ultimately irreversible tissue damage. AGE accumulates in the collagen network of healthy cartilage with aging because of its low regenerative capacity [7]. AGEs affect cartilage biomechanical properties by increasing the stiffness of the collagen network [10], inhibit type II collagen synthesis [11], disturb the activity of metalloproteinases [12], and have proinflammatory and pro-oxidative effects on chondrocytes by binding to their receptor (RAGE) [13]. Some serum glycation markers, such as glucosepane, are also correlated with OA in vivo [14]. However, despite the demonstrated role of AGE accumulation in cartilage aging, the chemical mechanisms leading to AGE synthesis and accumulation have been poorly assessed in OA cartilage [15,16,17].

To limit AGE accumulation in tissues, detoxification mechanisms eliminate AGE precursors (i.e., glyoxal and methylglyoxal) which involves the glyoxalase enzymatic system, including glyoxalase (Glo)-1 and Glo-2. These mechanisms convert methylglyoxal/glyoxal to d-lactate/glycolate via S-d-lactoylglutathione/S-2-hydroxyethyglutathione, respectively [18, 19]. The reduced glutathione (GSH) serves as a cofactor and is regenerated during the process. In this system, the main and limiting enzyme is Glo-1, which is ubiquitous, cytosolic, and active in its dimeric form [19, 20]. With aging, Glo-1 mRNA and protein expression and enzymatic activity decrease in the brain and red blood cells [19] but increase in other tissues such as the skin [21]. Interestingly, Glo-1 overexpression can increase longevity of worms [22]. Glo-1 restoration is currently under investigation for the prevention of aging-related disorders [23]. To date, involvement of Glo-1 in OA has only been speculated since OA is an AGE-related disease model [12] and because Glo-1 is involved in aging diseases [20, 24].

Chronic inflammation may also be involved in cartilage aging. Indeed, with age, chronic sterile low-grade inflammation, called “inflammaging”, manifests [25] and is locally amplified by the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) of chondrocytes [26]. This phenomenon is involved in several age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular or neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer [27, 28]. Interestingly, in the elderly, the interleukin (IL)-6 serum concentration, which is associated with the SASP, may predict 5-year mortality [29]. Inflammaging may also be involved in chondrosenescence and therefore age-related OA [30,31,32]. Indeed, increased levels of inflammatory markers such as serum IL-6, C-reactive protein, or bioactive lipids are associated with knee OA progression [33,34,35], illustrating the role of chronic low-grade inflammation in OA. Moreover, the biological behavior of OA chondrocytes may be influenced by a patient’s age; IL-1β-stimulated human OA chondrocytes show increased release of matrix metalloproteinase-13 with increasing age of the cartilage donor [36].

Inflammation also induces oxidative stress in chondrocytes through the production of nitric oxide (NO) and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) [37]. An increasing intracellular ROS rate stimulates nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2), which is a transcription factor involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress [38]. The Glo-1 promotor has a binding domain for Nrf-2 and can thus be upregulated in an inflammatory and pro-oxidative context [39].

Here, we aimed to investigate the extracellular matrix AGE content and chondrocytic Glo-1 expression in OA cartilage along with the study of Glo-1 regulation by oxidative stress.

Methods

Collection of human OA cartilage

Human OA knee explants were obtained from patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty due to OA at Saint-Antoine Hospital (Paris) or at the Maussins clinic (Paris) shortly after surgery (BioJOINT, which is a biobank of human knee OA, legal authorization: CPP Paris Ile de France V, CNIL reference: MMS/HGT/AR177404). Informed consent for the use of tissue and clinical data was obtained from each patient before surgery. Experiments with human samples were approved by a French Institutional Review Board (Comité de Protection des Personnes, Paris Ile de France 5 and Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés). For each explant, a biopsy of the cartilage was performed, which was then embedded in paraffin. All remaining cartilage zones were manually dissected (i.e., tibial plateaus and femoral condyles), cut into small pieces (≈ 5 mm3), and mixed to obtain homogenous isolated cartilage samples. The cartilage pieces were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) containing 25 mM glucose, which is necessary for human explant maintenance, and supplemented with 100 U/mL penicillin (P), 100 mg/mL streptomycin (S), and 4 mM glutamine (Glu) for 24 h at 37 °C, with or without IL-1β (5 ng/mL) (Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA), as described previously [37]. Each volume of medium was normalized to the wet weight of the explants (6 mL/g tissue). The incubated explants were then collected, centrifuged (1600 g for 6 min), the medium was discarded, and the cartilage explant was stored at −20 °C for later analysis. The AGE products were not measured in the explant medium because the explants were incubated for only 24 h. This time duration is too short to observe relevant AGE release [40]. Moreover, to be closer to what happens in vivo in human OA, we preferred to quantify AGE directly within the cartilage explants instead of measuring AGE in the media.

Primary culture of murine articular chondrocytes

Mouse primary chondrocytes were isolated from the articular cartilage of 5- to 6-day-old C57Bl6 mice from Janvier (St. Berthevin, France) and seeded at 8 × 103 cells per cm2 as previously described [41]. Articular chondrocytes obtained from newborn mice using this protocol are considered appropriate to study mature chondrocytes since type II collagen and aggrecan mRNAs are highly expressed, while the expression of type I collagen mRNA remains low in these cells [42]. After 1 week of amplification in DMEM (5.5 mM glucose) P/S/Glu supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, the cells were incubated in serum-free DMEM P/S/Glu containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin for 24 h before treatment (basal experimental medium). Each littermate of the mice was used for one experiment. All experiments with murine articular chondrocytes were performed according to protocols approved by the French and European ethics committees (Comité Régional d’Ethique en Expérimentation Animale N°3 de la région Ile de France).

Treatment of primary cultures of murine chondrocytes

After 24 h of incubation in basal experimental medium, murine chondrocytes were stimulated for 72 h with increasing IL-1β concentrations (0 to 10 ng/mL). Cell lysates were collected for mRNA and protein extractions after 72 h. For mechanistic studies investigating the roles of ROS and NO in Glo-1 regulation, chondrocytes cultured for 72 h with or without IL-1β (5 ng/mL) were coincubated with inhibitors for 72 h: MitoTEMPO (50 mM; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Heidelberg, Germany), a specific scavenger of mitochondrial ROS, or l-NAME (5 mM; Sigma Aldrich, Saint-Louis, MO, USA), a nonspecific inhibitor of NO synthase. The doses of these inhibitors were selected according to data in the literature and had been previously used in similar experiments [37]. In addition, experiments were also performed using Nrf-2 knockout (Nrf-2−/−) mice generated from inbred Nrf-2 heterozygous mice on a C57BL/6 J background, as previously described [43]. The mice were housed in a pathogen-free facility and handled in accordance with the principles and procedures outlined in Council Directive 86/609/EEC. Nrf-2−/− chondrocytes were cultured for 72 h with or without IL-1β (5 ng/mL) as IL-1β is able to induce Nrf-2 in wild-type animals [44]. All measurements were performed in duplicate, and the mean of the duplicates from one littermate of the mice was considered one experiment for each condition.

CML, pentosidine, and MG-H1 quantification

Quantification of CML, pentosidine, and MG-H1 in human cartilage was performed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Briefly, human cartilage (∼ 100 mg) was homogenized with 1 mL 0.5 M acetic acid in Lysing Matrix D Tubes with the FastPrep-24 System (MP Biomedicals). After homogenization, the samples were digested with pepsin (10% w/w) for 24 h at 37 °C. They were then subjected to acid hydrolysis in 6 M hydrochloric acid for 18 h at 110 °C. Hydrolysates were evaporated and resuspended in 125 mM ammonium formate before quantification by LC-MS/MS. CML and pentosidine were assayed by LC-MS/MS (API4000 system ABSciex, Les Ulis, France) as previously described [45, 46]. For MG-H1 measurements, dried hydrolysates resuspended in 100 μL of 125 mM ammonium formate containing 20 μM d3-MG-H1 (used as an internal standard) were filtered using Uptidisc PTFE filters (4 mm, 0.45 μm; Interchim, France) prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. Chromatographic separation was performed using a Kinetex PFP column (100 × 4.6 mm, 2.6 μm; Phenomenex) with a gradient program composed of 5 mM ammonium formate (pH 2.9) as mobile phase A and 100% acetonitrile as mobile phase B. The flow rate was constant at 0.7 mL/min during all separation steps. The gradient program was as follows: 0–0.5 min: 0% B; 0.5–2.2 min: gradient to 40% B; 2.2–2.6 min: gradient to 95% B; 2.6–3.6 min: 95% B; 3.6–3.7 min: gradient to 0% B; and 3.7–6.0 min: 0% B. The injection volume was 4 μL, and the oven temperature was set at 30 °C. Detection was performed using an API4000 system in positive-ion mode with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. Multiple reaction monitoring transitions were as follows: 229.2 > 166.1 and 229.2 > 212.2 for the quantification and confirmation transitions, in contrast to 232.2 > 169.1 for the internal standard. For all AGEs, the results are expressed as ratios relative to lysine content.

RNA extraction and quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR)

Total RNA was extracted from murine chondrocytes using the ReliaPrep RNA Cell Miniprep System kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), and concentrations were determined by spectrophotometry (Eppendorf, Le Pecq, France). Reverse transcription was performed with 500 ng of total RNA with the Omniscript RT kit (Qiagen). Glo-1 mRNA levels were quantified with the Light Cycler LC480 (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA). PCR amplification conditions were as follows: initial denaturation for 5 min at 95 °C, followed by 40 cycles consisting of 10 s at 95 °C, 15 s at 60 °C, and 10 s at 72 °C. Product formation was detected at 72 °C in the fluorescein isothiocyanate channel. The mRNA levels were normalized to those of murine hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). Specific mouse primer sequences were as follows: Glo-1, forward 5′- CCTGATGACGGGAAAATGAAAG -3′, and reverse 5’-GCCGTCAGGGTCTTGAATGA-3′; HPRT, forward 5′- AGGACCTCTCGAAGTGT-3′, and reverse 5’-ATTCAAATCCCTGAAGTACTCAT-3′. All measurements were performed in duplicate.

Protein extraction and Western blot analysis

Total proteins were extracted from murine chondrocytes using lysis buffer (RIPA buffer containing a protease inhibitor cocktail; Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA). Human OA explants incubated in DMEM with or without IL-1β were frozen in liquid nitrogen and then manually crushed. Homogenates were incubated in lysis buffer with agitation for 1 h at 4 °C and then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 1 h at 4 °C. Proteins were collected from supernatants and quantified by absorbance with the BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

For Western blot analysis, protein samples were diluted in Laemmli buffer, under nonreducing conditions, to retain the dimeric active form of Glo-1. Next, 14 μg and 13 μg of protein per well from murine and human samples, respectively, were loaded onto a 4–12% SDS polyacrylamide gel and separated by electrophoresis. The proteins were then transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane.

The nitrocellulose membrane was blocked with 5% (m/v) milk diluted in Tris-buffered saline and Tween 20 (TBST) for 1 h, and then incubated overnight at 4 °C with the primary antibody, a monoclonal rabbit anti-Glo-1 antibody (diluted 1/200 in 5% (m/v) milk TBST; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Heidelberg, Germany). After washing with TBST, the membrane was incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody (diluted 1/1000 in 5% milk TBST) for 1 h at room temperature, and then submitted for detection using clarity Western ECL substrate (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The absorbance of the dimeric band was quantified using Imagelab software (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and normalized by global Ponceau staining quantification.

Glo-1 enzymatic activity

To assess Glo-1 enzymatic activity, the formation of its product (S-d-lactoylglutathione) was measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry using a specific assay (Sigma Aldrich, Saint-Louis, MO, USA). Per sample, the reagents were as follows: 8 μL of methylglyoxal, 8 μL of GSH, and 160 μL of phosphate buffer. The mixture was incubated for 5 min to ensure equilibration of hemithioacetal formation, the Glo-1 substrate, from methylglyoxal and GSH. Next, 10 μg of protein was added to each well in duplicate, and 160 μL of the reactive mixture was added to each well. The absorbance at 240 nm reflecting S-d-lactoylglutathione formation was measured at the beginning of the reaction and after 10 min of incubation at 25 °C. Enzymatic activity was calculated from the initial and final absorbances and expressed in units/mg protein. One unit is the amount of enzyme catalyzing the formation of 1 μmole of S-d-lactoylglutathione per minute.

Fluorescence immunohistochemistry

Glo-1 protein expression was assessed in human OA cartilage by fluorescence immunochemistry. Samples were deparaffinized in three xylene baths for 5 min each and then rehydrated in baths containing decreasing alcohol concentrations and distilled water. Enzymatic unmasking was performed with hyaluronidase and pronase. H2O2 was applied for 30 min to inhibit endogenous peroxidase. Monoclonal rabbit anti-Glo-1 antibody (dilution 1/50; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Heidelberg, Germany) was added to the samples, followed by incubation overnight at 4 °C. The negatives controls were dilution buffer and rabbit immunoglobulins (concentration 20 g/L, diluted 1/50). Secondary antibody (fluorophore horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody, diluted 1/100) was incubated with the samples for 30 min at room temperature. The signal was then amplified by tyramide signal amplification. Nuclei were stained with DAPI.

Statistical analysis

All tests were nonparametric and were performed with GraphPad Prism 7 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). The Wilcoxon paired test was used for all mice and human experiments. Spearman’s correlation was used to analyze any correlation between two continuous variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All data are reported as the median and interquartile range.

Results

Description of the population

For all human experiments, we used 30 knee cartilage explants from OA patients. Due to the availability of the samples, two sets of patients were used for AGE and Glo-1 experiments, respectively, and only two patients underwent both experiments. The mean age was 67.4 ± 7.9 years, 82% of the patients were women, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 29.7 ± 4.5 kg/m2 in the population assessed for AGE experiments. In the population for Glo-1 experiments, the mean age was 69.7 ± 9 years, 76% were women, and the mean BMI was 28.8 ± 5 kg/m2. Diabetic patients were excluded to avoid bias concerning CML or Glo-1 assessment. No significant difference was found between the two sets of data. The patients’ clinical characteristics are further described in Additional file 1 (Table S1).

CML accumulates in human OA cartilage with aging

To evaluate the glycation status of the human OA cartilage, we quantified several AGEs such as CML, MG-H1, and pentosidine in cartilage total extracts. While no correlation was found between MG-H1 or pentosidine levels and patient age (Fig. 1), the CML concentration in OA cartilage was highly correlated with patient age (r = 0.78, p = 0.0031; Fig. 1). As a cofounding factor, the relationship between BMI and AGE concentration was studied. A negative correlation was found between BMI and CML (r = −0.7, p = 0.04; data not shown), and no correlation was found between MG-H1 or pentosidine levels and BMI. As no correlation was found between patient age and BMI, we consider these two variables to be independent. The relationship between CML concentration and cartilage histological damage or progression of the disease was not studied as each explant was obtained from a patient at the arthroplasty stage.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Correlations between pentosidine, carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), and methylglyoxal-hydroimidazolone-1 (MG-H1) concentrations and patient age in human osteoarthritic cartilage. a MG-H1 quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. b Pentosidine quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. c CML quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. n = 11 in each experiment

Full size image

No correlation between Glo-1 and patient age

To determine whether CML accumulation in human OA cartilage was related to Glo-1 disturbance, we first evaluated Glo-1 expression in the OA cartilage explants by immunofluorescence. Three randomly selected OA cartilage samples were analyzed, and Glo-1 was detected in the cytoplasm of chondrocytes in all samples (Additional file 1: Figure S1).

Glo-1 protein expression and enzymatic activity were then assessed in human OA cartilage. All samples used in the Glo-1 enzymatic experiments were also used in the Glo-1 protein expression experiments. The three final samples were analyzed by immunofluorescence but were not available for the others experiments. Conversely to CML, Glo-1 protein expression did not change according to the age of the donor (Fig. 2a). Similarly, no statistically significant correlation was found between Glo-1 enzymatic activity and the age of the donor (Fig. 2b). In OA cartilage, CML accumulates with patient age, but Glo-1 seems to be unregulated by age and thus does not increase to limit this accumulation. We hypothesized that Glo-1 impairment could be due to inflammation occurring in age-related OA. After obtaining results in cartilage explants, that are closer to human OA than human OA chondrocytes, we have investigated mechanistically how IL-1β regulates Glo-1 using murine chondrocytes [40]. Primary culture of chondrocytes has been previously validated as relevant for exploring the intracellular and molecular features of chondrocyte activation [40].

Fig. 2
figure 2

Relationships between glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) protein expression and enzymatic activity and age in human OA cartilage. a Relationship between Glo-1 protein expression in human OA cartilage and patient age, n = 18. Two data points were similar and therefore are not visually separated. b Relationship between Glo-1 enzymatic activity in human OA cartilage and patient age. One unit is one S-d-lactoylglutathione micromole formed in 1 min, n = 11

Full size image

IL-1β decreases Glo-1 protein expression and enzymatic activity in cartilage

Stimulation of cartilage explants with IL-1β significantly decreased the Glo-1 protein expression (1.33 ± 0.58 vs 1.07 ± 0.64, p = 0.049, without and with IL-1β, respectively; Fig. 3a) and Glo-1 enzymatic activity (0.045 ± 0.084 vs 0.044 ± 0.059, p = 0.002, without and with IL-1β, respectively; Fig. 3b) in human OA cartilage. The decrease in Glo-1 enzymatic activity or protein expression induced by IL-1β in human OA cartilage explants was similar regardless of the age of the donor (i.e., no correlation with patient age, data not shown).

Fig. 3
figure 3

interleukin-1β (IL-1β) decreases glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) protein expression and enzymatic activity in human OA cartilage. a Glo-1 protein expression in human OA cartilage from the same patient with or without IL-1β stimulation for 24 h, n = 18 in each group. b Glo-1 enzymatic activity in human OA cartilage from the same patient with or without IL-1β stimulation, n = 11 in each group. *p = 0.049, ****p = 0.002

Full size image

To further explore the effect of IL-1β on Glo-1 expression, primary cultures of murine chondrocytes were subjected or not to IL-1β (0.1 to 10 ng/mL for 72 h), and Glo-1 expression was assessed. Similar to the results obtained with IL-1β-stimulated human OA cartilage explants, Glo-1 mRNA, protein expression, and enzymatic activity were decreased in response to IL-1β stimulation in a dose-dependent manner in culture murine chondrocytes (Fig. 4a–c). The highest IL-1β concentration (10 ng/mL) significantly decreased the Glo-1 mRNA level (0.69-fold, p = 0.02), dimeric protein expression (0.59-fold, p = 0.03), and enzymatic activity (0.72-fold, p = 0.03) compared with those in unstimulated cells.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) expression or enzymatic activity in a primary culture of murine chondrocytes stimulated by increasing concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). a Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of mRNA levels of Glo-1 relative to hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), n = 6 for each condition. b Dimeric Glo-1 protein expression relative to Ponceau staining, n = 5 in each group. c Glo-1 enzymatic activity, n = 5 in each group. d Ponceau staining and Western blot as an illustrative example. Data are presented as median and interquartile range. *p = 0.0469, **p = 0.0313, ***p = 0.0156

Full size image

The decrease in Glo-1 induced by IL-1β is significantly limited by oxidative stress inhibition

Considering the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation, we aimed to determine whether Glo-1 downregulation by IL-1β was mediated by oxidative stress using two inhibitors, l-NAME and MitoTEMPO, which block NO synthase and mitochondrial oxidative stress, respectively [34]. The IL-1β dose (5 ng/mL) was selected based on the plateau effect observed in protein expression and Glo-1 enzymatic activity with the 5-ng/mL IL-1β dose and the low cell toxicity at this IL-1β concentration (data not shown).

l-NAME prevented the decreased expression of Glo-1 mRNA (mean fold increase of 1.99 between IL-1β alone and IL-1β plus l-NAME, p = 0.03) and Glo-1 protein (mean fold increase of 1.31 between IL-1β alone and IL-1β plus l-NAME, p = 0.03), but it did not significantly affect enzymatic activity in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes (mean fold increase of 1.8 between IL-1β alone and IL-1β plus l-NAME, p = 0.08) (Fig. 5a–c). l-NAME alone seemed to have the same effect as IL-1β on Glo-1 enzymatic activity in chondrocytes (no difference was observed on incubation with IL-1β (median 0.061) or l-NAME (median 0.089), p = 0.42).

Fig. 5
figure 5

Involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the downregulation of glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in a primary culture of murine chondrocytes. Cells were treated with an inhibitor of NO synthase, l-NAME (5 mM). a Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of mRNA levels of Glo-1 relative to hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), n = 5 for each condition. b Dimeric Glo-1 protein expression relative to Ponceau staining, n = 5 in each group. c Glo-1 enzymatic activity, n = 6 in each group. d Ponceau staining and Western blot as an illustrative example. Data are presented as median and interquartile range. **p = 0.0313, ***p = 0.0156

Full size image

In IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes, MitoTEMPO increased Glo-1 mRNA levels compared with the IL-1β condition alone (mean fold increase of 1.31 between IL-1β alone and IL-1β plus MitoTEMPO, p = 0.03) and thus restored the basal Glo-1 mRNA level (Fig. 6a), but the IL-1β effect was not prevented by MitoTEMPO.

Fig. 6
figure 6

Involvement of mitochondrial oxidative stress in the downregulation of glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in a primary culture of murine chondrocytes. Cells were treated with a scavenger of mitochondrial ROS, MitoTEMPO (50 mM). a Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of mRNA levels of Glo-1 relative to hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), n = 5 for each condition. b Dimeric Glo-1 protein expression relative to Ponceau staining, n = 5 in each group. c Glo-1 enzymatic activity, n = 5 in each group. d Ponceau staining and Western blot as an illustrative example. Data are presented as median and interquartile range. **p = 0.0313

Full size image

MitoTEMPO increased Glo-1 mRNA expression, as well as protein expression (Fig. 6b), with IL-1β as well as without IL-1β stimulation. Indeed, the Glo-1 enzymatic activity decrease in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes was reversed by MitoTEMPO (mean fold increase of 1.27 between IL-1β alone and IL-1β plus MitoTEMPO, p = 0.03; Fig. 6c).

Relationship between IL-1β-induced Glo-1 decrease and Nrf-2

To further investigate the role of oxidative stress, we aimed to determine whether Nrf-2, the main transcription factor involved in the transcription of numerous antioxidant genes, plays a significant role in the Glo-1 decrease caused by IL-1β using articular chondrocytes extracted from Nrf-2−/− mice. In Nrf-2−/− chondrocytes, the basal mRNA expression of Glo-1 was not significantly different from that in wild-type chondrocytes (Fig. 7). With IL-1β stimulation, Glo-1 mRNA levels decreased similarly in Nrf-2−/− and wild-type chondrocytes.

Fig. 7
figure 7

Involvement of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) in the downregulation of glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β; 5 ng/mL). Cells were obtained from wild-type or Nrf-2−/− mice. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of mRNA levels of Glo-1 relative to hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), n = 3 for wild-type, n = 4 for Nrf-2−/−. Data are presented as median and interquartile. KO knockout

Full size image

Discussion

Here, we showed that, in contrast to other AGEs, CML accumulates in human OA cartilage with age, potentially due to IL-1β-induced impairment of physiological regulation of the detoxifying enzyme Glo-1. Moreover, in vitro, chondrocytes stimulated by IL-1β displayed decreased expression of Glo-1 (mRNA, protein levels, and enzymatic activity). This phenomenon was mediated by mitochondrial and NO-mediated oxidative stress.

The presence of CML in human healthy cartilage has been previously described by immunohistochemistry [7], but this is the first study to show CML accumulation in OA cartilage as a function of patient age. Interestingly, the positive correlation between the CML content in OA cartilage and patient age corroborated the results found for healthy human cartilage [7]. Diabetic patients were excluded from our experiments to avoid any confounding effects of diabetes on AGE levels. Indeed, in diabetes mellitus, AGEs are increased in several tissues [47, 48]. A specific CML effect on chondrocytes has not been studied, but synthetic mixtures of AGEs (mainly albumin modified by sugar, thus containing CML) has been reported to be deleterious to chondrocytes since they induce apoptosis, matrix metalloproteinase expression, and proinflammatory cytokine synthesis [11, 49].

Since AGEs are stable and irreversibly formed [19], AGE accumulation in cartilage with aging can be explained by the slow turnover of collagen in cartilage [7]. However, the absence of increasing Glo-1 activity with age may also be responsible for AGE accumulation since this enzyme removes the main CML precursor, glyoxal, and thus prevents the formation of CML [50]. This is the first time that Glo-1 expression has been explored in cartilage, despite the speculated role of the Glo enzymatic system in arthritis proposed several years ago [24]. With aging, Glo-1 enzymatic activity does not physiologically increase in human OA cartilage, which is consistent with results found in the brain and red blood cells [20]. Furthermore, cartilage samples showed an IL-1β-induced decrease in Glo-1 activity, suggesting that IL-1β-mediated inflammation may block the physiological regulation of Glo-1 [36]. Likewise, a vicious cycle may occur in aging-related OA: systemic inflammation (inflammaging) decreases Glo-1 expression, resulting in AGE accumulation. This AGE accumulation is then responsible for the local inflammation that perpetuates the decreased Glo-1 expression. In this study, contrary to Forsyth et al. [36], we did not see an increased sensitivity of old chondrocytes to IL-1β on Glo-1.

To better establish the relationship between inflammation/oxidative stress and CML accumulation in vivo, we should have been able to demonstrate the presence of an inflammatory activity (such as IL-1 or IL-6) in the OA cartilage and to measure the oxidative stress in this tissue to show a relation with Glo-1. However, some studies have already shown that IL-1β-mediated inflammation and AGE accumulation are two features of the OA cartilage [12] and have oxidative stress in common. Furthermore, Laiguillon et al. [37], using the same culture of murine chondrocytes as us, have shown that IL-1β induces several markers of oxidative stress. The link between oxidative stress and AGE has also been demonstrated [13]. This is why it did not seem useful to repeat these experiments.

We have previously shown that IL-1β induces several markers of oxidative stress in murine culture chondrocytes [37] and that AGE synthesis is associated with oxidative stress [37]. Thus, we aimed to inhibit NO synthase and mitochondrial ROS production by l-NAME and MitoTEMPO, respectively—two chemical compounds classically used to inhibit oxidative stress [51, 52]. Inhibition of NO synthase restored Glo-1 expression that had been downregulated by IL-1β. These results corroborate those reported by Miller et al. [53] who showed that increasing the intracellular concentration of NO decreased Glo-1 mRNA levels in pericytes and that NO decreased Glo-1 enzymatic activity. MitoTEMPO seemed to be less efficient than l-NAME in restoring the Glo-1 mRNA level. ROS, similar to NO, may have a dual effect by simultaneously stimulating Nrf-2, a transcription factor involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress [38, 39], and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), which can also directly downregulate Nrf-2 [54]. The Glo-1 promoter contains Nrf-2 and NFκB binding domains [55, 56]. In contrast to a previous study [39], we did not observe a relationship between basal Glo-1 mRNA expression and Nrf-2, with concordant results between experiments. Additionally, Nrf-2 was not involved in the inhibition of Glo-1 mRNA expression by IL-1β, but it likely involves oxidative stress (NO, mitochondrial ROS). Glo-1 downregulation may involve NFκB. In vivo, the decrease in Glo-1 may be more important than observed in vitro because AGEs favor NFkB nuclear translocation and expression [57].

Among the limitations of this study, Glo-2 has not been studied. Indeed, the glyoxalase system is made up of two enzymes (Glo-1 and Glo-2), and Glo-1 reduction of methylglyoxal into lactate is dependent on GSH and Glo-2. Glo-1 is the main and limiting enzyme of the system, and tools to measure Glo-2 activity are not available currently making it difficult to perform studies on this enzyme. An aged-related reduction in GSSG/GSH has also been shown [58]; however, we added GSH for the assessment of Glo-1 activity and thus our results are not influenced by the intracellular GSH concentration. In vivo, Glo-1 activity could be lower, in particular in older patients. Moreover, most explants are obtained from patients between 60 and 80 years, limiting the chance to find a correlation of the activity level with age. However, this patient age range is characteristic of OA patients who undergo total knee arthroplasty. We were unable to include normal human cartilage in this study. Indeed, human chondrocytes are precious and costly, and murine chondrocytes obtained by our protocol are appropriate [41].

Conclusions

In conclusion, AGEs and especially CML accumulate with age in OA cartilage. This phenomenon may be explained by an impairment of the Glo-1 enzyme activity in the inflammatory environment. Glo-1 impairment induced by inflammation could involve an increase in oxidative stress in an inflammatory milieu. Likewise, Glo-1 stimulation has potential as a new therapeutic strategy for OA related to age.

Abbreviations

AGE:

Advanced glycation end-product

BMI:

Body mass index

CEL:

Nε-carboxyethyl-lysine

CML:

Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine

DMEM:

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium

Glo:

Glyoxalase

Glu:

Glutamine

GSH:

Reduced glutathione

HPRT:

Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase

IL:

Interleukin

LC-MS/MS:

Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

MetS:

Metabolic syndrome

MG-H1:

Methylglyoxal-hydroimidazolone-1

NFκB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

NO:

Nitric oxide

Nrf-2:

Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2

OA:

Osteoarthritis

P:

Penicillin

RAGE:

Receptor of advanced glycation end-product

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

S:

Streptomycin

SASP:

Senescence-associated secretory phenotype

TBST:

Tris-buffered saline and Tween 20

References

  1. Cross M, Smith E, Hoy D, Nolte S, Ackerman I, Fransen M, et al. The global burden of hip and knee osteoarthritis: estimates from the global burden of disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(7):1323–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bijlsma JW, Berenbaum F, Lafeber FP. Osteoarthritis: an update with relevance for clinical practice. Lancet. 2011;377(9783):2115–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Courties A, Gualillo O, Berenbaum F, Sellam J. Metabolic stress-induced joint inflammation and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2015;23(11):1955–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. McCulloch K, Litherland GJ, Rai TS. Cellular senescence in osteoarthritis pathology. Aging Cell. 2017;16(2):210–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Rahmati M, Nalesso G, Mobasheri A, Mozafari M. Aging and osteoarthritis: central role of the extracellular matrix. Ageing Res Rev. 2017. Epub ahead of print.

  6. Tardio L, Andrés-Bergos J, Zachara NE, Larranaga-Vera R-VC, Herrero-Beaumont G, et al. linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) protein modification is increased in the cartilage of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2014;22(2):259–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Verzijl N, DeGroot J, Oldehinkel E, Bank RA, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW, et al. Age-related accumulation of Maillard reaction products in human articular cartilage collagen. Biochem J. 2000;350(Pt 2):381–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Gillery P, Jaisson S. Post-translational modification derived products (PTMDPs): toxins in chronic diseases? Clin Chem Lab Med. 2014;52(1):33–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ahmed N, Thornalley PJ. Advanced glycation endproducts: what is their relevance to diabetic complications? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9(3):233–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Verzijl N, DeGroot J, Ben ZC, Brau-Benjamin O, Maroudas A, Bank RA, et al. Crosslinking by advanced glycation end products increases the stiffness of the collagen network in human articular cartilage: a possible mechanism through which age is a risk factor for osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(1):114–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Huang CY, Lai KY, Hung LF, Wu WL, Liu FC, Ho LJ. Advanced glycation end products cause collagen II reduction by activating Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway in porcine chondrocytes. Rheumatology. 2011;50(8):1379–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Saudek DM, Kay J. Advanced glycation end-products and osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2003;5(1):33–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Rasheed Z, Akhtar N, Haqqi TM. Advanced glycation end products induce the expression of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 by receptor for advanced glycation end product-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-κB in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50(5):838–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Legrand C, Ahmed C, Anwar A, Rajpoot K, Pasha S, Lambert C, et al. Glycation marker glucosepane increases with the progression of osteoarthritis and correlates with morphological and functional changes of cartilage in vivo. Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20:131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Vos PA, Mastbergen SC, Huisman AM, de Boer TN, DeGroot J, Polak AA, et al. In end stage osteoarthritis, cartilage tissue pentosidine levels are inversely related to parameters of cartilage damage. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2012;20(3):233–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hirose J, Yamabe S, Takada K, Okamoto N, Nagai R, Mizuta H. Immunohistochemical distribution of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Acta Histochem. 2011;113(6):613–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Schwab W, Friess U, Hempel U, Schulze E, Makita Z, Kasper M, et al. Immunohistochemical demonstration of -(carboxymethyl)lysine protein adducts in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. Histochem Cell Biol. 2002;117(6):541–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Dakin HD, Dudley HW. An enzyme concerned with the formation of hydroxy acids from ketonic aldehydes. J Biol Chem. 1913;14:155–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ. Methylglyoxal, glyoxalase 1 and the dicarbonyl proteome. Amino Acids. 2012;42(4):1133–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Xue M, Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ. Glyoxalase in ageing. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2011;22(3):293–301.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Radjei S, Gareil M, Moreau M, Leblanc E, Schnebert S, Friguet B, et al. The glyoxalase enzymes are differentially localized in epidermis and regulated during ageing and photoageing. Exp Dermatol. 2016;25(6):492–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Morcos M, Du X, Pfisterer F, Hutter H, Sayed AA, Thornalley P, et al. Glyoxalase-1 prevents mitochondrial protein modification and enhances lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging Cell. 2008;7(2):260–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Xue M, Weickert MO, Qureshi S, Kandala NB, Anwar A, Waldron M, et al. Improved glycemic control and vascular function in overweight and obese subjects by glyoxalase 1 inducer formulation. Diabetes. 2016;65(8):2282–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ahmed U, Thornalley PJ, Rabbani N. Possible role of methylglyoxal and glyoxalase in arthritis. Biochem Soc Trans. 2014;42(2):538–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Franceschi C, Bonafè M, Valensin S, Olivieri F, De Luca M, Ottaviani E, et al. Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;908:244–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Loeser RF, Collins JA, Diekman BO. Ageing and the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016;12(7):412–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Franceschi C, Campisi J. Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(Suppl 1):S4–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Michaud M, Balardy L, Moulis G, Gaudin C, Peyrot C, Vellas B, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines, aging, and age-related diseases. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(12):877–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Varadhan R, Yao W, Matteini A, Beamer BA, Xue QL, Yang H, et al. Simple biologically informed inflammatory index of two serum cytokines predicts 10 year all-cause mortality in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(2):165–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Scanzello CR. Role of low-grade inflammation in osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2017;29(1):79–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. van der Kraan P, Matta C, Mobasheri A. Age-related alterations in signaling pathways in articular chondrocytes: implications for the pathogenesis and progression of osteoarthritis—a mini-review. Gerontology. 2017;63(1):29–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Attur M, Ben-Artzi A, Yang Q, Al-Mussawir HE, Worman HJ, Palmer G, et al. Perturbation of nuclear lamin A causes cell death in chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(6):1940–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Attur M, Krasnokutsky S, Statnikov A, Samuels J, Li Z, Friese O, et al. Low-grade inflammation in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: prognostic value of inflammatory plasma lipids and peripheral blood leukocyte biomarkers. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(11):2905–1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Livshits G, Zhai G, Hart DJ, Kato BS, Wang H, Williams FM, et al. Interleukin-6 is a significant predictor of radiographic knee osteoarthritis: the Chingford study. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(7):2037–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Spector TD, Hart DJ, Nandra D, Doyle DV, Mackillop N, Gallimore JR, et al. Low-level increases in serum C-reactive protein are present in early osteoarthritis of the knee and predict progressive disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(4):723–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Forsyth CB, Cole A, Murphy G, Bienias JL, Im HJ, Loeser RF Jr. Increased matrix metalloproteinase-13 production with aging by human articular chondrocytes in response to catabolic stimuli. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(9):1118–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Laiguillon MC, Courties A, Houard X, Auclair M, Sautet A, Capeau J, et al. Characterization of diabetic osteoarthritic cartilage and role of high glucose environment on chondrocyte activation: toward pathophysiological delineation of diabetes mellitus-related osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2015;23(9):1513–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Mann GE, David JR, Li FYL, de Winter P, Siow RC. Activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by dietary isoflavones: role of NO in Nrf-2-mediated antioxidant gene expression. Cardiovasc Res. 2007;75(2):261–74.

  39. Xue M, Rabbani N, Momiji H, Imbasi P, Anwar MM, Kitteringham N, et al. Transcriptional control of glyoxalase 1 by Nrf2 provides a stress-responsive defence against dicarbonyl glycation. Biochem J. 2012;443(1):213–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Bohlender JM, Franke S, Stein G, Wolf G. Advanced glycation end products and the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005;289(4):F645–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Gosset M, Berenbaum F, Thirion S, Jacques C. Primary culture and phenotyping of murine chondrocytes. Nat Protoc. 2008;3(8):1253–60.

  42. Salvat C, Pigenet A, Humbert L, Berenbaum F, Thirion S. Immature murine articular chondrocytes in primary culture: a new tool for investigating cartilage. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2005;13(3):243–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. El Ali Z, Gerbeix C, Hemon P, Esser PR, Martin SF, Pallardy M, et al. Allergic skin inflammation induced by chemical sensitizers is controlled by the transcription factor Nrf2. Toxicol Sci. 2013;134(1):39–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Vaamonde-Garcia C, Courties A, Pigenet A, Laiguillon MC, Sautet A, Houard X, et al. The nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor/heme oxygenase-1 axis is critical for the inflammatory features of type 2 diabetes-associated osteoarthritis. J Biol Chem. 2017;292(35):14505–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kerkeni M, Santos Weiss I, Jaisson S, Dandana A, Addad F, Gillery P, et al. Increased serum concentrations of pentosidine are related to presence and severity of coronary artery disease. Thromb Res. 2014;134(3):633–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Jaisson S, Souchon PF, Desmons A, Salmon AS, Delemer B, Gillery P. Early formation of serum advanced glycation end-products in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: relationship with glycemic control. J Pediatr. 2016;172:56–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ. Glyoxalase in diabetes, obesity and related disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2011;22(3):309–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Aubert CE, Michel PL, Gillery P, Jaisson S, Fonfrede M, Morel F, et al. Association of peripheral neuropathy with circulating advanced glycation end products, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and other risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2014;30(8):679–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Ma C, Zhang Y, Li YQ, Chen C, Cai W, Zeng YL. The role of PPARγ in advanced glycation end products-induced inflammatory response in human chondrocytes. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0125776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Thornalley PJ, Langborg A, Minhas HS. Formation of glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone in the glycation of proteins by glucose. Biochem J. 1999;344(Pt 1):109–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Griffith OW, Kilbourn RG. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors: amino acids. Methods Enzymol. 1996;268:375–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Dikalov S. Cross talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidases. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;51(7):1289–301.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Miller AG, Smith DG, Bhat M, Nagaraj RH. Glyoxalase I is critical for human retinal capillary pericyte survival under hyperglycemic conditions. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(17):11864–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Liu GH, Qu J, Shen X. NF-kappaB/p65 antagonizes Nrf2-ARE pathway by depriving CBP from Nrf2 and facilitating recruitment of HDAC3 to MafK. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008;1783(5):713–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ranganathan S, Ciaccio PJ, Walsh ES, et al. Genomic sequence of human glyoxalase-I: analysis of promoter activity and its regulation. Gene. 1999;240(1):149–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Tonelli C, Chio IIC, Tuveson DA. Transcriptional regulation by Nrf2. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2017;20. Epub ahead of print.

  57. Wang J, Wang G, Sun GW. Role of PPARα in down-regulating AGE-induced TGF-β and MMP-9 expressions in chondrocytes. Genet Mol Res. 2016;15(2):gmr.15027963.

  58. Carlo MD Jr, Loeser RF. Increased oxidative stress with aging reduces chondrocyte survival: correlation with intracellular glutathione levels. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(12):3419–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Ayah Langar and Sabrina Radjei (Paris, France) for their work in preliminary experiments assessing Glo-1. We thank Valérie Domergue, Ayma Galland, and the Unité Mixte de Service–Institut Fédératif de Recherche (UMS-IPSIT) for excellent technical assistance in the animal experiments.

Funding

ST received a grant from Groupe Pasteur Mutualité and Fonds d’Etude et de Recherche du Corps Médical, AC received a grant from AP-HP and the French Society of Rheumatology, JS received a grant from Fondation Arthritis Jacques Courtin, and CJ and BF received a grant from the Sorbonne Université « Convergence » Programme. BF received a grant from ITMO IHP Ageing. JS and FB are supported by the ROAD network (Fondation Arthritis Jacques Courtin).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sorbonne University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France

    Sabine Trellu, Alice Courties, Carlos Vaamonde-Garcia, Xavier Houard, Alain Sautet, Bertrand Friguet, Claire Jacques, Francis Berenbaum & Jérémie Sellam

  2. INSERM UMRS_938, CRSA, Paris, France

    Sabine Trellu, Alice Courties, Carlos Vaamonde-Garcia, Xavier Houard, Claire Jacques, Francis Berenbaum & Jérémie Sellam

  3. Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), Paris, France

    Sabine Trellu, Alice Courties, Carlos Vaamonde-Garcia, Xavier Houard, Claire Jacques, Francis Berenbaum & Jérémie Sellam

  4. Department of Rheumatology, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Saint-Antoine Hospital, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France

    Sabine Trellu, Alice Courties, Francis Berenbaum & Jérémie Sellam

  5. UMR MEDyC CNRS/URCA 7369, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France

    Stéphane Jaisson, Laëtitia Gorisse & Philippe Gillery

  6. INSERM UMR 996, Univ Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France

    Saadia Kerdine-Römer

  7. Department of Physiotherapy, Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Group, Medicine and Biological Science. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña, 15006, A Coruña, Spain

    Carlos Vaamonde-Garcia

  8. Groupe Maussins, Clinique des Maussins-Ramsay, Générale de Santé, Paris, France

    François-Paul Ekhirch

  9. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, AP-HP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France

    Alain Sautet

  10. UMR 8256 - IBPS, CNRS UMR 8256, INSERM U1164, F-75005, Paris, France

    Bertrand Friguet

Authors
  1. Sabine Trellu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alice Courties
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Stéphane Jaisson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Laëtitia Gorisse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Philippe Gillery
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Saadia Kerdine-Römer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Carlos Vaamonde-Garcia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Xavier Houard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. François-Paul Ekhirch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Alain Sautet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Bertrand Friguet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Claire Jacques
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Francis Berenbaum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Jérémie Sellam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

ST, AC, XH, CJ, FB, and JS were responsible for the study design, manuscript preparation, and interpretation of the data. AS and FPE carried out all human sample collections and participated in the study design of experiments using human samples, in the interpretation of the data, and revising the manuscript. SJ, LG, and PG performed the AGE experiments, and participated in the interpretation of the data and revising the manuscript. SKR provided the Nrf2−/− mice. BF provided Glo-1 expertise. ST performed the experiments. AC and CVG contributed to the in-vitro experiments on murine cells. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francis Berenbaum.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All samples and information were collected with written and signed informed consent after approval from the relevant research ethics committees (French Institutional Review Board (Comité de Protection des Personnes, Paris Ile de France 5 and Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL), French and European ethics committees (Comité Régional d’Ethique en Expérimentation Animale N°3 de la région Ile de France).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Additional file

Additional file 1:

Table S1. Clinical characteristics of the 30 patients with knee osteoarthritis included in the study. Figure S1. Glo-1 staining in human OA cartilage. Glo-1 in red. The control is rabbit immunoglobulin, n = 3. (DOCX 107 kb)

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Trellu, S., Courties, A., Jaisson, S. et al. Impairment of glyoxalase-1, an advanced glycation end-product detoxifying enzyme, induced by inflammation in age-related osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 21, 18 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-018-1801-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-018-1801-y

Keywords

Arthritis Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1478-6362

Contact us