Silver R, Medsger TA Jr, Bolster MB. Systemic sclerosis and scleroderma variants: clinical aspects. In: ML KWJ, editor. . Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
Google Scholar
LeRoy EC. The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1989;7(Suppl 3):S135–7.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Al-Dhaher FF, Pope JE, Ouimet JM. Determinants of morbidity and mortality of systemic sclerosis in Canada. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2010;39(4):269–77.
Article
Google Scholar
Li X, Qian YQ, Liu N, Mu R, Zuo Y, Wang GC, et al. Survival rate, causes of death, and risk factors in systemic sclerosis: a large cohort study. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37(11):3051–6.
Article
Google Scholar
Lee YH. Overall and sex- and disease subtype-specific mortality in patients with systemic sclerosis: an updated meta-analysis. Z Rheumatol. 2019;78(2):195–201.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Muller H, Rehberger P, Gunther C, Schmitt J. Determinants of disability, quality of life and depression in dermatological patients with systemic scleroderma. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(2):343–53.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Peoples C, Medsger TA Jr, Lucas M, Rosario BL, Feghali-Bostwick CA. Gender differences in systemic sclerosis: relationship to clinical features, serologic status and outcomes. J Scleroderma Relat Disord. 2016;1(2):177–240.
Article
Google Scholar
Steen VD, Medsger TA. Changes in causes of death in systemic sclerosis, 1972-2002. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(7):940–4.
Article
Google Scholar
Cui J, Shen Y, Li R. Estrogen synthesis and signaling pathways during aging: from periphery to brain. Trends Mol Med. 2013;19(3):197–209.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Vermeulen A, Kaufman JM, Goemaere S, van Pottelberg I. Estradiol in elderly men. Aging Male. 2002;5(2):98–102.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Aida-Yasuoka K, Peoples C, Yasuoka H, Hershberger P, Thiel K, Cauley JA, et al. Estradiol promotes the development of a fibrotic phenotype and is increased in the serum of patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15(1):R10.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Perkovic D, Martinovic Kaliterna D, Jurisic Z, Lalovac M, Radic M. Androgens in post-menopausal patients with systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54(4):744–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Clements PJ, Lachenbruch PA, Seibold JR, Zee B, Steen VD, Brennan P, et al. Skin thickness score in systemic sclerosis: an assessment of interobserver variability in 3 independent studies. J Rheumatol. 1993;20(11):1892–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Domsic RT, Rodriguez-Reyna T, Lucas M, Fertig N, Medsger TA Jr. Skin thickness progression rate: a predictor of mortality and early internal organ involvement in diffuse scleroderma. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(1):104–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Fertig N, Domsic RT, Rodriguez-Reyna T, Kuwana M, Lucas M, Medsger TA Jr, et al. Anti-U11/U12 RNP antibodies in systemic sclerosis: a new serologic marker associated with pulmonary fibrosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(7):958–65.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Grambsch PM, Therneau TM. Proportional hazards tests and diagnostics based on weighted residuals. Biometrika. 1994;81(3):515–26.
Article
Google Scholar
Herrick AL, Peytrignet S, Lunt M, Pan X, Hesselstrand R, Mouthon L, et al. Patterns and predictors of skin score change in early diffuse systemic sclerosis from the European Scleroderma Observational Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(4):563–70.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Soldano S, Montagna P, Brizzolara R, Sulli A, Parodi A, Seriolo B, et al. Effects of estrogens on extracellular matrix synthesis in cultures of human normal and scleroderma skin fibroblasts. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1193:25–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Garrett SM, Frost DB, Feghali-Bostwick C. The mighty fibroblast and its utility in scleroderma research. J Scleroderma Relat Disord. 2017;2(2):69–134.
Article
Google Scholar
Xu WD, Leroy EC, Smith EA. Fibronectin release by systemic sclerosis and normal dermal fibroblasts in response to TGF-beta. J Rheumatol. 1991;18(2):241–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kikuchi K, Hartl CW, Smith EA, LeRoy EC, Trojanowska M. Direct demonstration of transcriptional activation of collagen gene expression in systemic sclerosis fibroblasts: insensitivity to TGF beta 1 stimulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992;187(1):45–50.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hall G, Phillips TJ. Estrogen and skin: the effects of estrogen, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy on the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(4):555–68 quiz 69-72.
Article
Google Scholar
Kalogirou D, Aroni K, Kalogirou O, Antoniou G, Botsis D, Kontoravdis A. Histological changes induced by tibolone and estrogen/glucocorticoid on aging skin. Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2000;45(4):273–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Castelo-Branco C, Duran M, Gonzalez-Merlo J. Skin collagen changes related to age and hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas. 1992;15(2):113–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Maheux R, Naud F, Rioux M, Grenier R, Lemay A, Guy J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effect of conjugated estrogens on skin thickness. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170(2):642–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Meschia M. BF, Amicarelli F., Barbacini P., Monza G.C., Crosignani P.G. Transdermal hormone replacement therapy and skin in postmenopausal women, a placebo controlled study. Menopause. 1994;1:79–82.
Brincat M, Moniz CJ, Studd JW, Darby A, Magos A, Emburey G, et al. Long-term effects of the menopause and sex hormones on skin thickness. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985;92(3):256–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mirone L, Barini A. Androgen and prolactin (Prl) levels in systemic sclerosis (SSc): relationship to disease severity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1069:257–62.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Jemec GB, Sindrup JH. Circulating androgens in male patients suffering from systemic scleroderma. Arch Dermatol Res. 1991;283(5):289–91.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Okano Y, Steen VD, Medsger TA Jr. Autoantibody reactive with RNA polymerase III in systemic sclerosis. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119(10):1005–13.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Krzyszczak ME, Li Y, Ross SJ, Ceribelli A, Chan EK, Bubb MR, et al. Gender and ethnicity differences in the prevalence of scleroderma-related autoantibodies. Clin Rheumatol. 2011;30(10):1333–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Freire M, Rivera A, Sopena B, Tolosa Vilella C, Guillen-Del Castillo A, Colunga Arguelles D, et al. Clinical and epidemiological differences between men and women with systemic sclerosis: a study in a Spanish systemic sclerosis cohort and literature review. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35(Suppl 106(4)):89–97.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jankowska EA, Rozentryt P, Ponikowska B, Hartmann O, Kustrzycka-Kratochwil D, Reczuch K, et al. Circulating estradiol and mortality in men with systolic chronic heart failure. JAMA. 2009;301(18):1892–901.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bissell LA, Md Yusof MY, Buch MH. Primary myocardial disease in scleroderma-a comprehensive review of the literature to inform the UK Systemic Sclerosis Study Group cardiac working group. Rheumatol (Oxford). 2017;56(6):882–95.
Article
Google Scholar
Fernandez-Codina A, Simeon-Aznar CP, Pinal-Fernandez I, Rodriguez-Palomares J, Pizzi MN, Hidalgo CE, et al. Cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis: differences between clinical subsets and influence on survival. Rheumatol Int. 2017;37(1):75–84.
Article
Google Scholar
Scalapino K, Arkachaisri T, Lucas M, Fertig N, Helfrich DJ, Londino AV Jr, et al. Childhood onset systemic sclerosis: classification, clinical and serologic features, and survival in comparison with adult onset disease. J Rheumatol. 2006;33(5):1004–13.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hissaria P, Lester S, Hakendorf P, Woodman R, Patterson K, Hill C, et al. Survival in scleroderma: results from the population-based South Australian Register. Intern Med J. 2011;41(5):381–90.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Elhai M, Avouac J, Walker UA, Matucci-Cerinic M, Riemekasten G, Airo P, et al. A gender gap in primary and secondary heart dysfunctions in systemic sclerosis: a EUSTAR prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(1):163–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Chen X, Austin ED, Talati M, Fessel JP, Farber-Eger EH, Brittain EL, et al. Oestrogen inhibition reverses pulmonary arterial hypertension and associated metabolic defects. Eur Respir J. 2017;50(2):1602337. https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/50/2/1602337.
Schmidt M, Hartung R, Capellino S, Cutolo M, Pfeifer-Leeg A, Straub RH. Estrone/17beta-estradiol conversion to, and tumor necrosis factor inhibition by, estrogen metabolites in synovial cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(10):2913–22.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Cutolo M, Villaggio B, Seriolo B, Montagna P, Capellino S, Straub RH, et al. Synovial fluid estrogens in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2004;3(3):193–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Folomeev M, Dougados M, Beaune J, Kouyoumdjian JC, Nahoul K, Amor B, et al. Plasma sex hormones and aromatase activity in tissues of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 1992;1(3):191–5.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Costenbader KH, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Karlson EW. Reproductive and menopausal factors and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in women. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(4):1251–62.
Article
Google Scholar
Colasanti T, Maselli A, Conti F, Sanchez M, Alessandri C, Barbati C, et al. Autoantibodies to estrogen receptor alpha interfere with T lymphocyte homeostasis and are associated with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(3):778–87.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar