Kvien TK, Uhlig T, Ødegård S, Heiberg MS. Epidemiological aspects of rheumatoid arthritis: the sex ratio. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1069(1):212–22. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1351.019.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Vollenhoven RF. Sex differences in rheumatoid arthritis: more than meets the eye. BMC Med. 2009;7(1):12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-7-12.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Desai MK, Brinton RD. Autoimmune disease in women: endocrine transition and risk across the lifespan. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00265.
Article
Google Scholar
Orellana C, Saevarsdottir S, Klareskog L, Karlson EW, Alfredsson L, Bengtsson C. Oral contraceptives, breastfeeding and the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish EIRA study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(11):1845–52. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211620.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Orellana C, Saevarsdottir S, Klareskog L, Karlson EW, Alfredsson L, Bengtsson C. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish EIRA population-based case-control study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015;30(5):449–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0004-y.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Karlson EW, Mandl LA, Hankinson SE, Grodstein F. Do breast-feeding and other reproductive factors influence future risk of rheumatoid arthritis? Results from the Nurses' health study. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(11):3458–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20621.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bengtsson C, Malspeis S, Orellana C, Sparks JA, Costenbader KH, Karlson EW. Association between menopausal factors and the risk of seronegative and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis: results from the nurses’ health studies. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017;69(11):1676–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23194.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Orellana C, Wedren S, Kallberg H, Holmqvist M, Karlson EW, Alfredsson L, Bengtsson C, Group ES. Parity and the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(4):752–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203567.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beydoun HA, el-Amin R, McNeal M, Perry C, Archer DF. Reproductive history and postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis among women 60 years or older: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Menopause. 2013;20(9):930–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0b013e3182a14372.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Davies NM, Holmes MV, Davey Smith G. Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians. BMJ. 2018;362:k601.
Article
Google Scholar
Day FR, Thompson DJ, Helgason H, Chasman DI, Finucane H, Sulem P, Ruth KS, Whalen S, Sarkar AK, Albrecht E, et al. Genomic analyses identify hundreds of variants associated with age at menarche and support a role for puberty timing in cancer risk. Nat Genet. 2017;49(6):834–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3841.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Day FR, Ruth KS, Thompson DJ, Lunetta KL, Pervjakova N, Chasman DI, Stolk L, Finucane HK, Sulem P, Bulik-Sullivan B, et al. Large-scale genomic analyses link reproductive aging to hypothalamic signaling, breast cancer susceptibility and BRCA1-mediated DNA repair. Nat Genet. 2015;47(11):1294–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3412.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Barban N, Jansen R, de Vlaming R, Vaez A, Mandemakers JJ, Tropf FC, Shen X, Wilson JF, Chasman DI, Nolte IM, et al. Genome-wide analysis identifies 12 loci influencing human reproductive behavior. Nat Genet. 2016;48(12):1462–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3698.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Okada Y, Wu D, Trynka G, Raj T, Terao C, Ikari K, Kochi Y, Ohmura K, Suzuki A, Yoshida S, et al. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis contributes to biology and drug discovery. Nature. 2014;506(7488):376–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12873.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burgess S, Scott RA, Timpson NJ, Davey Smith G, Thompson SG, Consortium E-I. Using published data in Mendelian randomization: a blueprint for efficient identification of causal risk factors. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015;30(7):543–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0011-z.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Burgess S, Butterworth A, Thompson SG. Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data. Genet Epidemiol. 2013;37(7):658–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/gepi.21758.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv080.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Haycock PC, Burgess S. Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet Epidemiol. 2016;40(4):304–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/gepi.21965.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhao Q, Wang J, Hemani G, Bowden J, Small D. Statistical inference in two-sample summary-data Mendelian randomization using robust adjusted profile score. Ann Stat. 2018;48(3):1–59.
Sanderson E. Multivariable Mendelian randomization and mediation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2021;11(2):a038984.
Lee JJ, Wedow R, Okbay A, Kong E, Maghzian O, Zacher M, Nguyen-Viet TA, Bowers P, Sidorenko J, Karlsson Linnér R, et al. Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals. Nat Genet. 2018;50(8):1112–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0147-3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yengo L, Sidorenko J, Kemper KE, Zheng Z, Wood AR, Weedon MN, Frayling TM, Hirschhorn J, Yang J, Visscher PM. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in ∼700000 individuals of European ancestry. Hum Mol Genet. 2018;27(20):3641–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddy271.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pikwer M, Bergstrom U, Nilsson JA, Jacobsson L, Turesson C. Early menopause is an independent predictor of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(3):378–81. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2011.200059.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Merlino LA, Cerhan JR, Criswell LA, Mikuls TR, Saag KG. Estrogen and other female reproductive risk factors are not strongly associated with the development of rheumatoid arthritis in elderly women. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2003;33(2):72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-0172(03)00084-2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gill D, Brewer CF, Del Greco MF, Sivakumaran P, Bowden J, Sheehan NA, Minelli C. Age at menarche and adult body mass index: a Mendelian randomization study. Int J Obes. 2018;42(9):1574–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-018-0048-7.
Article
Google Scholar
Tang B, Shi H, Alfredsson L, Klareskog L, Padyukov L, Jiang X. Obesity-related traits and the development of rheumatoid arthritis - evidence from genetic data. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021;73(2):203–11.
Kwon JM, Rhee J, Ku H, Lee EK. Socioeconomic and employment status of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Korea. Epidemiol Health. 2012;34:e2012003. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2012003.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bergstrom U, Jacobsson LT, Nilsson JA, Wirfalt E, Turesson C. Smoking, low formal level of education, alcohol consumption, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2013;42(2):123–30. https://doi.org/10.3109/03009742.2012.723744.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gill D, Del Greco MF, Rawson TM, Sivakumaran P, Brown A, Sheehan NA, Minelli C. Age at menarche and time spent in education: a Mendelian randomization study. Behav Genet. 2017;47(5):480–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-017-9862-2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Straub RH. The complex role of estrogens in inflammation. Endocr Rev. 2007;28(5):521–74. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2007-0001.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sthoeger ZM, Chiorazzi N, Lahita RG. Regulation of the immune response by sex hormones. I. In vitro effects of estradiol and testosterone on pokeweed mitogen-induced human B cell differentiation. J Immunol (Baltimore, Md : 1950). 1988;141(1):91–8.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hughes GC, Choubey D. Modulation of autoimmune rheumatic diseases by oestrogen and progesterone. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10(12):740–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2014.144.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Silman A, Kay A, Brennan P. Timing of pregnancy in relation to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35(2):152–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780350205.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar