Kuo CF, Grainge MJ, Mallen C, Zhang W, Doherty M. Comorbidities in patients with gout prior to and following diagnosis: case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:210–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kuwabara M, Niwa K, Hisatome I, Nakagawa T, Roncal-Jimenez CA, Andres-Hernando A, et al. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia without comorbidities predicts cardiometabolic diseases: five-year Japanese cohort study. Hypertension. 2017;69:1036–44.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sandoval-Plata G, Nakafero G, Chakravorty M, Morgan K, Abhishek A. Association between serum urate, gout and comorbidities: a case-control study using data from the UK Biobank. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60:3243–51.
Article
Google Scholar
Tomiyama H, Shiina K, Vlachopoulos C, Iwasaki Y, Matsumoto C, Kimura K, et al. Involvement of arterial stiffness and inflammation in hyperuricemia-related development of hypertension. Hypertension. 2018;72:739–45.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Forman JP, Choi H, Curhan GC. Uric acid and insulin sensitivity and risk of incident hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:155–62.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Perlstein TS, Gumieniak O, Hopkins PN, Murphey LJ, Brown NJ, Williams GH, et al. Uric acid and the state of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in humans. Kidney Int. 2004;66:1465–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ho WJ, Tsai WP, Yu KH, Tsay PK, Wang CL, Hsu TS, et al. Association between endothelial dysfunction and hyperuricaemia. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:1929–34.
Article
Google Scholar
Dalbeth N, Merriman TR, Stamp LK. Gout Lancet. 2016;388:2039–52.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Feig DI, Soletsky B, Johnson RJ. Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure of adolescents with newly diagnosed essential hypertension: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300:924–32.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kim HA, Seo YI, Song YW. Four-week effects of allopurinol and febuxostat treatments on blood pressure and serum creatinine level in gouty men. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29:1077–81.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Smith GD, Ebrahim S. “Mendelian randomization”: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32:1–22.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Didelez V, Sheehan N. Mendelian randomization as an instrumental variable approach to causal inference. Stat Methods Med Res. 2007;16:309–30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Davey Smith G, Hemani G. Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies. Hum Mol Genet. 2014;23:R89-98.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Levin MG, Klarin D, Assimes TL, Freiberg MS, Ingelsson E, Lynch J, et al. Genetics of smoking and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: a Mendelian randomization study. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e2034461.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rosoff DB, Davey Smith G, Mehta N, Clarke TK, Lohoff FW. Evaluating the relationship between alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and cardiovascular disease: a multivariable Mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med. 2020;17:e1003410.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Li X, Meng X, He Y, Spiliopoulou A, Timofeeva M, Wei WQ, et al. Genetically determined serum urate levels and cardiovascular and other diseases in UK Biobank cohort: a phenome-wide mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med. 2019;16:e1002937.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Palmer TM, Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Davey Smith G, Lawlor DA, et al. Association of plasma uric acid with ischaemic heart disease and blood pressure: mendelian randomisation analysis of two large cohorts. BMJ. 2013;347:f4262.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Li X, Meng X, Spiliopoulou A, Timofeeva M, Wei WQ, Gifford A, et al. MR-PheWAS: exploring the causal effect of SUA level on multiple disease outcomes by using genetic instruments in UK Biobank. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77:1039–47.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Efstathiadou A, Gill D, McGrane F, Quinn T, Dawson J. Genetically determined uric acid and the risk of cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases: a Mendelian randomization study of outcomes investigated in randomized trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e012738.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tudball MJ, Bowden J, Hughes RA, Ly A, Munafo MR, Tilling K, et al. Mendelian randomisation with coarsened exposures. Genet Epidemiol. 2021;45:338–50.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fan CT, Lin JC, Lee CH. Taiwan Biobank: a project aiming to aid Taiwan’s transition into a biomedical island. Pharmacogenomics. 2008;9:235–46.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kuo CF, Grainge MJ, Zhang W, Doherty M. Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence and risk factors. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11:649–62.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chang CC, Chow CC, Tellier LC, Vattikuti S, Purcell SM, Lee JJ. Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. Gigascience. 2015;4:7.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Myers TA, Chanock SJ, Machiela MJ. LDlinkR: An R package for rapidly calculating linkage disequilibrium statistics in diverse populations. Front Genet. 2020;11:157.
Staley JR, Blackshaw J, Kamat MA, Ellis S, Surendran P, Sun BB, et al. PhenoScanner: a database of human genotype-phenotype associations. Bioinformatics. 2016;32:3207–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kamat MA, Blackshaw JA, Young R, Surendran P, Burgess S, Danesh J, et al. PhenoScanner V2: an expanded tool for searching human genotype-phenotype associations. Bioinformatics. 2019;35:4851–3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Swanson SA, Hernan MA, Miller M, Robins JM, Richardson TS. Partial identification of the average treatment effect using instrumental variables: review of methods for binary instruments, treatments, and outcomes. J Am Stat Assoc. 2018;113:933–47.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Burgess S, Thompson SG. Mendelian randomization : methods for using genetic variants in causal estimation. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group; 2015.
Book
Google Scholar
Burgess S, Butterworth A, Thompson SG. Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data. Genet Epidemiol. 2013;37:658–65.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bowden J, Hemani G, Davey Smith G. Invited commentary: detecting individual and global horizontal pleiotropy in mendelian randomization-a job for the humble heterogeneity statistic? Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187:2681–5.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yavorska OO, Burgess S. MendelianRandomization: an R package for performing Mendelian randomization analyses using summarized data. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46:1734–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hansen C, Hausman J, Newey W. Estimation with many instrumental variables. J Bus Econ Stat. 2008;26:398–422.
Article
Google Scholar
Burgess S, Thompson SG, Collaboration CCG. Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40:755–64.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burgess S, Thompson SG. Use of allele scores as instrumental variables for Mendelian randomization. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42:1134–44.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Burgess S, Dudbridge F, Thompson SG. Combining information on multiple instrumental variables in Mendelian randomization: comparison of allele score and summarized data methods. Stat Med. 2016;35:1880–906.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee SH, Goddard ME, Wray NR, Visscher PM. A better coefficient of determination for genetic profile analysis. Genet Epidemiol. 2012;36:214–24.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nakatochi M, Kanai M, Nakayama A, Hishida A, Kawamura Y, Ichihara S, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies multiple novel loci associated with serum uric acid levels in Japanese individuals. Commun Biol. 2019;2:115.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Evangelou E, Warren HR, Mosen-Ansorena D, Mifsud B, Pazoki R, Gao H, et al. Genetic analysis of over 1 million people identifies 535 new loci associated with blood pressure traits. Nat Genet. 2018;50:1412–25.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mellen PB, Bleyer AJ, Erlinger TP, Evans GW, Nieto FJ, Wagenknecht LE, et al. Serum uric acid predicts incident hypertension in a biethnic cohort: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Hypertension. 2006;48:1037–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perlstein TS, Gumieniak O, Williams GH, Sparrow D, Vokonas PS, Gaziano M, et al. Uric acid and the development of hypertension: the normative aging study. Hypertension. 2006;48:1031–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grayson PC, Kim SY, LaValley M, Choi HK. Hyperuricemia and incident hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63:102–10.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wallace SL. Gout and hypertension. Arthritis Rheum. 1975;18:721–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Breckenridge A. Hypertension and hyperuricaemia. Lancet. 1966;1:15–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Campion EW, Glynn RJ, DeLabry LO. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Risks and consequences in the Normative Aging Study. Am J Med. 1987;82:421–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Riedel AA, Nelson M, Joseph-Ridge N, Wallace K, MacDonald P, Becker M. Compliance with allopurinol therapy among managed care enrollees with gout: a retrospective analysis of administrative claims. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1575–81.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sarawate CA, Brewer KK, Yang W, Patel PA, Schumacher HR, Saag KG, et al. Gout medication treatment patterns and adherence to standards of care from a managed care perspective. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81:925–34.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
McAdams-DeMarco MA, Maynard JW, Baer AN, Coresh J. Hypertension and the risk of incident gout in a population-based study: the atherosclerosis risk in communities cohort. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:675–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Zhang WZ. Why does hyperuricemia not necessarily induce gout? Biomolecules. 2021;11:280.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Richette P, Perez-Ruiz F, Doherty M, Jansen TL, Nuki G, Pascual E, et al. Improving cardiovascular and renal outcomes in gout: what should we target? Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10:654–61.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bruderer S, Bodmer M, Jick SS, Meier CR. Use of diuretics and risk of incident gout: a population-based case-control study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66:185–96.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar