Kovacs WJ, Orth DN. The adrenal cortex, Williams textbook of endocrinology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co; 1998. p. 517–664.
Google Scholar
Gantz I, Fong TM. The melanocortin system. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003;284:E468–74.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mountjoy KG, Robbins LS, Mortrud MT, Cone RD. The cloning of a family of genes that encode the melanocortin receptors. Science. 1992;257:1248–51.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buggy JJ. Binding of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone to its G-protein-coupled receptor on B-lymphocytes activates the Jak/STAT pathway. Biochem J. 1998;331:211–6.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Evans HM, Sparks LL, Dixon JS. The physiology and chemistry of adrenocorticotrophin. In: Harris GW, Donovan BT, editors. The pituitary gland. 1st ed. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1966. p. 318–73.
Google Scholar
Ahmed TJ, Montero-Melendez T, Perretti M, Pitzalis C. Curbing Inflammation through endogenous pathways: focus on melanocortin peptides. Int J Inflam. 2013;2013:985815.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Clarke BL, Bost KL. Differential expression of functional adrenocorticotropic hormone receptors by subpopulations of lymphocytes. J Immunol. 1989;143:464–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Andersen GN, Hägglund M, Nagaeva O, Frängsmyr L, Petrovska R, Mincheva-Nilsson L, et al. Quantitative measurement of the levels of melanocortin receptor subtype 1, 2, 3 and 5 and pro-opio-melanocortin peptide gene expression in subsets of human peripheral blood leucocytes. Scand J Immunol. 2005;61:279–84.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hench PS, Kendall EC, Slocumb CH, Polley HF. Effects of cortisone acetate and pituitary ACTH on rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever and certain other conditions. Arch Intern Med. 1950;85:545–666.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Thorn GW, Bayles TB. Studies on the relation of pituitary–adrenal function to rheumatic disease. N Engl J Med. 1949;241:529–37.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hench PS, Slocumb CH, Polley HF, Kendall EC. Effect of cortisone and pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on rheumatic diseases. J Am Med Assoc. 1950;144:1327–35.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Johnson HM, Smith EM, Torres BA, Blalock JE. Regulation of the in vitro antibody response by neuroendocrine hormones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79:4171–4.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alvarez-Mon M, Kehrl JH, Fauci AS. A potential role for adrenocorticotropin in regulating human B lymphocyte functions. J Immunol. 1985;135:3823–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brooks KH. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) functions as a late-acting B cell growth factor and synergizes with interleukin 5. J Mol Cell Immunol. 1990;4:327–35. discussion 335–7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kavelaars A, Ballieux RE, Heijnen C. Modulation of the immune response by proopiomelanocortin derived peptides. II. Influence of adrenocorticotropic hormone on the rise in intracellular free calcium concentration after T cell activation. Brain Behav Immun. 1988;2:57–66.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gatti G, Masera RG, Pallavicini L, Sartori ML, Staurenghi A, Orlandi F, et al. Interplay in vitro between ACTH, beta-endorphin, and glucocorticoids in the modulation of spontaneous and lymphokine-inducible human natural killer (NK) cell activity. Brain Behav Immun. 1993;7:16–28.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aebischer I, Stämpfli MR, Zürcher A, Miescher S, Urwyler A, Frey B, et al. Neuropeptides are potent modulators of human in vitro immunoglobulin E synthesis. Eur J Immunol. 1994;24:1908–13.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Riniker B, Sieber P, Rittel W, Zuber H. Revised amino-acid sequences for porcine and human adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Nat New Biol. 1972;235:114–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schenkel-Hulliger L, Maier R, Barthe PL, Desaulles PA, Jarret A, Riniker B, et al. Biological activity of synthetic human corticotropin with revised amino acid sequence. Acta Endocrinol. 1974;75:24–32.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fiechtner J, Montroy T. Treatment of moderately to severely active systemic lupus erythematosus with adrenocorticotropic hormone: a single-site, open-label trial. Lupus. 2014;23:905–12.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Decker DA, Grant C, Oh L, Becker P, Young D, Jordan S. Immunomodulatory effects of H.P. Acthar gel on B cell development in the NZB/W F1 mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2014;23:802–12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hodgkin PD, Lee JH, Lyons AB. B cell differentiation and isotype switching is related to division cycle number. J Exp Med. 1996;184:277–81.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stavnezer J, Guikema JEJ, Schrader CE. Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination. Annu Rev Immunol. 2008;26:261–92.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peled JU, Kuang FL, Iglesias-Ussel MD, Roa S, Kalis SL, Goodman MF, et al. The biochemistry of somatic hypermutation. Annu Rev Immunol. 2008;26:481–511.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arnason BG, Berkovich R, Catania A, Lisak RP, Zaidi M. Mechanisms of action of adrenocorticotropic hormone and other melanocortins relevant to the clinical management of patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2013;19:130–6.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berkovich R, Agius MA. Mechanisms of action of ACTH in the management of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2014;7:83–96.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cooper A, Robinson SJ, Pickard C, Jackson CL, Friedmann PS, Healy E. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone suppresses antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in humans independently of melanocortin 1 receptor gene status. J Immunol. 2005;175:4806–13.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Benko AL, Olsen NJ, Kovacs WJ. Glucocorticoid inhibition of activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression in human B lymphocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2014;382:881–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maaser C, Kannengiesser K, Specht C, Lügering A, Brzoska T, Luger TA, et al. Crucial role of the melanocortin receptor MC1R in experimental colitis. Gut. 2006;55:1415–22.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, Luegering A, Ross M, Brzoska T, et al. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14:324–31.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee DJ, Biros DJ, Taylor AW. Injection of an alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone expression plasmid is effective in suppressing experimental autoimmune uveitis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009;9:1079–86.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Edling AE, Gomes D, Weeden T, Dzuris J, Stefano J, Pan C, et al. Immunosuppressive activity of a novel peptide analog of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Neuroimmunol. 2011;236:1–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cusick MF, Libbey JE, Oh L, Jordan S, Fujinami RS. Acthar gel treatment suppresses acute exacerbations in a murine model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Autoimmunity. 2014;48:1–9.
Google Scholar
Botte DAC, Noronha IL, Malheiros DMAC, Peixoto TV, de Mello SBV. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone ameliorates disease activity in an induced murine lupus-like model. Clin Exp Immunol. 2014;177:381–90.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Spies CM, Straub RH, Cutolo M, Buttgereit F. Circadian rhythms in rheumatology—a glucocorticoid perspective. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16:S3.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tzioufas AG, Tsonis J, Moutsopoulos HM. Neuroendocrine dysfunction in Sjogren's syndrome. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2008;15:37–45.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Quax RA, Manenschijn L, Koper JW, Hazes JM, Lamberts SWJ, van Rossum EFC, et al. Glucocorticoid sensitivity in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013;9:670–86.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar